SB 

4-6 


UC-NRLF 


254    172 


The  Horticulturist's 


RULE-BOOK 


A  Compendium  of  Useful  Information 
for 

FRUIT-GROWERS,  TRUCK-GARDENERS,  FLORISTS 
AND  OTHERS 


Completed  to  the  Close  of  the  Year 

1889 


BY  L.  H.  BAILEY 


NEW  YORK 
GARDEN    PUBLISHING    COMPANY 


By  the  Same  Author. 

ANNALS 

OF 

HORTICULTURE 

FOR  1889. 

Being  a  record  of  introductions 
during  the  year,  of  new  methods 
and  discoveries  in  horticulture,  of 
yields  and  prices,  of  tendencies  in 
gardening,  of  horticultural  litera- 
ture, of  work  of  the  experiment  sta- 
tions. Illustrated.  Cloth,  i2tno,  250 
pages.  Price,  $i. 


COPYRIGHTED    1889, 
BY   GARDEN    PUBLISHING   CO.,    L-T-D. 


BY    J.    HORACE    I 


The  author  wishes  to  be  advised  of  any  errors 
in  this  work,  and  he  desires  any  information  which 
will  be  useful  in  the  preparation  of  a  second  edition. 
ITHACA,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  31,  1889, 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

INSECTICIDES 


CHAPTER  II. 
INJURIOUS  INSECTS,  WITH  REMEDIES  AND  PREVENTIVES.     17-38 

CHAPTER  III. 
FUNGICIDES,  FOR  PLANT  DISEASES  ..................     39~43 

CHAPTER  IV. 

PLANT  DISEASES,  WITH  PREVENTIVES  AND  REMEDIES.     44-  56 

CHAPTER  V. 

INJURIES  FROM   MICE,   RABBITS,    SQUIRRELS    AND    BIRDS, 

WITH  PREVENTIVES  AND   REMEDIES  .........     57'61 

CHAPTER  VI. 
WEEDS  ......................................  .  .....     62  64 

1.  Weeds  in  General  ..............................     62 

2.  Weeds  in  Lawns  .............................  •  .     63 

3.  Weeds  on  Walks  ...............................     63 

4.  Moss  on  Walks  and  Lawns  .....................     64 

CHAPTER  VII. 
WAXES  FOR  GRAFTING  AND  FOR  WOUNDS  .............     65-68 

1.  Common  Resin  and  Beeswax  Waxes  ............  65 

2.  Alcoholic  Waxes  ...............................  65 

3.  French  and  Pitch  Waxes  .......................  66 

4.  Waxed  String  and  Bandage  ....................  67 

5.  Waxes  for  Wounds  ............................  67 

(2) 


Contents.  3 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

CEMENTS,  MORTARS,  PAINTS  AND  GLUES 69-75 

1.  Cement  and  Mortar 69 

2.  Concrete,  etc.,  for  Floors,  Borders  and  Walks  ...     71 

3.  Paints  and  Protective  Compounds 72 

4.  Glues 74 

CHAPTER  IX. 

SEED  TABLES 76-85 

1.  Quantity  of  Seed  Required  to  Sow  an  Acre 76 

2.  Weight  and  Size  of  Garden  Seeds 77 

3.  Number  of  Tree  Seeds  in  a  Pound 80 

4.  Longevity  of  Garden  Seeds 81 

5.  Average     Time    Required   for   Garden   Seeds    to 

Germinate 84 

6.  Proper  Kinds  and  Quantities  of  Seeds  for  a  Model 

English  Kitchen  Garden  of  ij^  acres 85 

CHAPTER  X. 

PLANTING  TABLES 86-  96 

1.  Dates   for   Sowing    or    Setting    Kitchen    Garden 

Vegetables  in  Different  Latitudes 86 

2.  Tender  and  Hardy  Vegetables „  89 

3.  Usual  Distances  Apart  for  Planting  Fruits 89 

4.  Usual  Distances  Apart  for  Planting  Vegetables. . .  90 

5.  Number   of  Plants    Required   to    Set   an   Acre  of 

Ground  at  Given  Distances 92 

CHAPTER  XI. 

MATURITIES,  YIELDS  AND  MULTIPLICATION 97-103 

1.  Time  Required   for  Maturity  of  Different  Garden 

Crops,  Reckoned  from  the  Sowing  of  the  Seed .  .     97 

2.  Time  Required,  from  Setting,  for  Fruit  Plants  to 

Bear „ 97 


4  The  Horticulturist's  Rule-Book. 

Chapter  XI,  continued. 

3.  Average    Profitable    Longevity    of    Fruit    Plants 

Under  High  Culture 9§ 

4.  Average  Yields  per  Acre  of  Various  Crops 98 

5.  Tabular  Statement  of  the  Ways  in  which  Plants 

are  Propagated 100 

6.  Ways  of  Grafting  and  Budding 101 

7.  Particular  Methods  by  which  Various  Fruits  are 

Multiplied 102 

8.  Stocks  Used  for  Various  Fruits 103 

CHAPTER  XII. 

METHODS  OF  KEEPING  AND    STORING  FRUITS  AND  VEGE- 
TABLES     104-112 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

STANDARD  AND  LEGAL  MEASURES  AND  SIZES 113-123 

1.  Standard  Flower  Pots 113 

2.  Legal  and  Standard  Measures 114 

3.  Miscellaneous  Legal  Weights  per  Bushel 116 

4.  Miscellaneous  Legal  Sizes 116 

5.  Society  and  Customary  Standards 118 

6.  Covent  Garden  Measures 122 

CHAPTER  XIV. 
TABLES  OF  MEASURES  AND  WEIGHTS 124-129 

CHAPTER  XV. 

MISCELLANEOUS  TABLES,  FIGURES  AND  NOTES 130-141 

1.  Quantity  of  Water  Held  by  Pipes  of  Various  Sizes.  130 

2.  Number  of  Gallons  in  Circular  Tanks  and  Wells.  .  130 

3.  Number  of  Gallons  in  Square-built  Tanks 131 

4.  Thermometer  Scales 132 

5.  Effects  of  Wind  in  Cooling  Glass 132 

6.  Per  Cent,  of  Rays  of  Light  Reflected  from  Glass 

Roofs  at  Various  Angles  of  Inclination 133 


Contents.  5 

Chapter  XV,  continued. 

7.  Area  of    Glass  in   Various  States  and   Provinces 

Used  for  Commercial  Greenhouse  Purposes 133 

8.  National  and  Party  Flowers 134 

9.  Dates  at  which  Various  Fruits  and  Nuts  Appear  in 

Northern   Markets 135 

10.  What  Constitutes  Wholesale  Quantities   137 

11.  Average    Prices     in     France    of    Various    Orchid 

Flowers 13^ 

12.  Weights    of    Various     Varieties   of     Apples     per 

Bushel 138 

13.  Various  Recipes  and  Rules    138 

14.  Various  Figures     140 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

RULES 142-151 

1.  London's  Rules  of  Horticulture 142 

2.  Rules  of  Nomenclature 142 

3.  Rules  for  Exhibition 144 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

POSTAL  RATES  AND  REGULATIONS 152-156 

1.  Classes  of  Domestic  Mail  Matter  and  Rates 152 

2.  Foreign  Postage 154 

3.  Unmailable  Matter 155 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 
WEATHER  SIGNS  AND  PROTECTION  FROM  FROST I57~I59 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

COLLECTING  AND  PRESERVING 160-169 

1.  Collecting  and  Preserving  Hants 160 

2.  Preserving  and    Printing   of    Flowers   and    Other 

Parts   of  Plants 161 

3.  Perfumery 167 

4.  Collecting  and  Preserving  Insects 168 


5  The  Horticulturist's  Ride- Book. 

CHAPTER  XX. 

ELEMENTS,  SYMBOLS  AND  ANALYSES 170-188 

1.  The  Elements  and  their  Symbols,  and  tlie  Com- 

position of  Various  Substances 170 

2.  Analyses 171 

(a)  General  Analyses  of  Fruits  and  Fruit-Plants    171 

(b)  Analyses  of  Fruits  and  Garden   Products 
with  Reference  to  their   Fertilizing  Con- 
stituents     175 

(c)  Analyses  of  Animal  Excrements 179 

(d)  Analyses  of  Various  Materials  which    are 

Used  for  Fertilizers 182 

(e)  Trade  Values  for   1889  of    Fertilizing  In- 

gredients in  Raw  Materials  and  Chemicals.    187 

CHAPTER  XXI. 
NAMES  AND  HISTORIES 189-199 

1.  Vegetables  which  have  Different  Names  in  England 

and  America 189 

2.  Names  of  Vegetables  in  Different  Languages 190 

3.  Derivation  of  the  Names  of  Various  Fruits  and 

Vegetables 194 

4.  Periods  of    Cultivation   and   Native  Countries  of 

Cultivated  Plants 196 

CHAPTER  XXII. 
STATISTICS 200-213 

1.  Horticultural  Statistics 200 

2.  Statistics  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom 208 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 
GLOSSARY 214-229 


CHAPTER  I. 


INSECTICIDES. 

Arsenic.— Kncwn  to  chemists  as  arseriious  acid  or  wMte 
oxide  of  arsenic.  It  is  considered  an  unsafe  insecticide., 
as  its  color  allows  it  to  be  mistaken  for  other  substances  ; 
but  in  its  various  compounds  it  forms  our  best  insecticides. 
From  i  to  2  grains  usually  prove  fatal  to  an  adult ;  30 
grains  will  usually  kill  a  horse,  10  a  cow  and  i  grain  or 
less  is  usually  fatal  to  a  dog.  In  case  of  poisoning,  while 
awaiting  the  arrival  of  a  physician,  give  emetics,  and  after 
free  vomiting,  give  milk  and  eggs.  Sugar  and  magnesia 
in  milk  is  useful. 

Arsenites. — Compounds  of  arsenic,  in  which  arsenious 
acid  unites  with  some  metallic  base.  The  leading  arsen- 
ites  used  in  destroying  insects  are  Paris  green  and  London 
purple. 

PARIS  GREEN. — An  aceto-arsenite  of  copper.  When  pure, 
it  contains  about  58  per  cent,  of  arsenic,  but  the  commer- 
cial article  usually  contains  less,  often  as  little  as  30  per 
cent.  The  following  may  be  considered  an  average  an- 
alysis :  Arsenic,  47.68  per  cent.;  copper  oxide,  27.47; 
sulphuric  acid,  7.16;  moisture,  1.35;  insoluble  residue, 
2.34.  It  is  applied  either  in  a  wet  or  dry  condition,  but  in 
any  case  it  must  be  much  diluted.  For  making  a  dry 
mixture,  plaster,  flour,  air-slaked  lime,  road  dust,  or 
sifted  wood  ashes  may  be  used.  The  strength  of  the  mix- 
ture required  depends  upon  the  plants  and  insects  to 
which  it  is  to  be  applied.  The  strongest  mixture  now 


8  77/6'  Horticulturist"  s  Rule- Book. 

Arsenites  (Paris  green)  continued. 

recommended  is  i  part  of  poison  to  50  of  the  diluent,  but 
if  the  mixing  is  very  thoroughly  done,  i  part  to  100  or 
even  200  is  sufficient. 

Paris  green  is  practically  insoluble  in  water.  When 
mixed  with  water,  the  mixture  must  be  kept  in  a  constant 
state  of  agitation,  else  the  poison  will  settle  and  the  liquid 
from  the  bottom  of  the  cask  will  be  so  strong  as  to  do 
serious  damage,  while  that  from  the  top  will  be  useless. 
For  potatoes,  apple  trees  and  most  species  of  shade  trees, 
i  pound  of  poison  to  200  gallons  of  water  is  a  good 
mixture.  For  the  stone  fruits,  i  pound  to  300  or  even  400 
gallons  of  water  is  a  strong  enough  mixture.  Peach  trees 
arg  very  apt  to  be  injured  by  arsenites,  and  for  them  the 
mixture  should  be  very  dilute.  In  all  cases,  the  liquid 
should  be  applied  with  force  in  a  very  fine  spray.  It  ap- 
pears that  at  some  seasons  of  the  year  foliage  is  more 
liable  to  injury  than  at  others. 

LONDON  PURPLE.  An  arsenite  of  lime,  obtained  as  a  by- 
product in  the  manufacture  of  aniline  dyes.  The  compo- 
sition is  variable.  The  amount  of  arsenic  varies  from  30 
to  over  50  per  cent.  The  two  following  analyses  show  its 
composition:  i.  Arsenic,  43.65  per  cent.;  rose  aniline, 
12. 46;  lime,  21.82;  insoluble  residue,  14.57:  iron  oxide, 
1.16;  water,  2.27.  2.  Arsenic,  55.35  per  cent.;  lime, 
26.23;  sulphuric  acid,  .22;  carbonic  acid,  .27;  moisture, 
5.29.  It  is  a  finer  powder  than  Paris  green,  and  therefore 
remains  longer  in  suspension  in  water.  It  is  used  in  the 
same  manner  as  Paris  green,  but  is  sometimes  found  to  be 
more  caustic  on  foliage.  This  injury  appears  to  be  due 
to  the  presence  of  soluble  arsenic.  London  purple  should 
not  be  used  on  peach  trees. 

Either  Paris  green  or  London  purple  may  be  combined 
with  kerosene  emulsion  to  give  the  material  greater  ad- 
hesiveness to  leaves  and  to  increase  its  wetting  power.  To 
100  gallons  of  the  arsenite  mixture,  add  i  gallon  of  kero- 
sene emulsion. 

The  arsenites  may  be  used  in  connection  with  various 


Insecticides.  9 

Arsenites  (London  purple)  continued. 

fungicides,  and  both  insects  and  plant  diseases  in  this  man- 
ner may  be  combated  at  the  same  time.  An  ounce  of 
the  arsenites  may  be  added  to  ten  gallons  of  Bordeaux 
mixture  for  potatoes,  and  other  combinations  will  occur  to 
the  operator.  The  arsenites  are  also  sometimes  added  to 
soap  and  other  washes. 

Bait. — Paris  green  or  London  purple,  i  ounce  ;  chopped 
grass  or  leaves,  8  ounces,  and  syrup  enough  to  allow  the 
mass  to  be  worked  into  balls.  For  wire-worm  beetles, 
crickets,  katydids,  etc. 

Bisulphide  of  carbon. — A  thin  liquid  which  volatilizes 
at  a  very  low  temperature,  the  vapor  being  very  destruct- 
ive to  animal  life.  It  is  exceedingly  inflammable,  and 
should  never  be  used  near  a  lamp  or  fire.  It  is  used 
for  many  root  insects.  It  is  poured  into  a  hole  which  is 
immediately  closed  up,  causing  the  fumes  to  permeate  the 
soil  in  all  directions.  In  loose  soils  it  is  very  destructive 
to  insects.  It  is  also  inserted  in  tight  receptacles  to  kill 
such  insects  as  pea-weevil  and  museum  pests. 

Blue  vitriol,  or  Copperas. — i  ounce  of  copperas  to  a  pail 
of  water  is  sometimes  effective  in  destroying  root  insects. 

Coal-tar  fumes. — Burn  rags  coated  with  coal-tar  attached 
to  a  pole.  Remedy  for  aphis. 

Carbolic  acid  and  soap  mixture. — i  pint  crude  carbolic  acid, 
i  quart  soft  soap,  2  gallons  hot  water.  Mix  thoroughly. 
This  wash  is  used  for  borers,  and  for  plant-lice.  Apply 
with  a  cloth  or  soft  broom. 

Carbolic  acid  and  water. — Add  i  part  of  acid  to  from  50  to 
TOO  parts  of  water.  For  root  insects. 

Carbolized  plaster. — Stir  i  pint  of  crude  carbolic  acid  into 
50  pounds  of  land  plaster.  Or,  quick  lime  may  be  slaked 
with  the  acid.  The  powder  is  thrown  over  the  tree  when 
the  dew  is  on,  as  a  remedy  for  the  curculio.  It  should  be 
applied  profusely. 

Glue  and  arsenites  wash. — Common  glue,  i  lb.,  soaked  a 
few  hours  in  cold  water  and  then  dissolved  in  J^  gallon 


io  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Glue  and  arsenites  wash,  continued. 

of  hot  water  ;  add  i  ounce  London  purple  or  Paris  green, 
stir  well,  and  add  hot  water  till  the  mixture  measures  2 
gallons.  For  preventing  the  attacks  of  borers. 

Hot  water. — Submerge  affected  plants  or  branches  in 
water  of  a  temperature  of  about  125°.  For  aphis. 

Kerosene. — In  pure  state,  kerosene  is  used  as  an  insecti- 
cide upon  many  plants,  with  various  results.  It  does  not 
appear  to  injure  the  coleus,  rose,  grape,  peach  and  pea, 
but  does  injure  the  potato,  tomato,  and  gooseberry. 

Kerosene  emulsion. — Soft  soap,  i  quart,  or  hard  soap- 
preferably  whale-oil  soap — one-fourth  pound  ;  2  quarts  hot 
water  ;  i  pint  kerosene.  Stir  until  all  are  permanently 
mixed,  and  then  add  water  until  the  kerosene  forms  one- 
fifteenth  of  the  whole  compound.  A  good  way  to  make 
the  emulsion  permanent,  is  to  pump  the  mixture  back  into 
the  receptacle  several  times. 

Kerosene  and  milk  emulsion.— Sour  milk,  i  gallon ;  kero- 
sene oil,  2  gallons ;  warm  to  a  blood  heat  and  mix  thor- 
oughly. Dilute  io  times  with  water.  For  scale  insects 
and  plant  lice. 

Kerosene  and  condensed  milk  emulsion. — Kerosene,  2  gal- 
lons, or  64  per  cent,  of  the  entire  mixture  ;  condensed  milk, 
4  cans  of  ^  pint,  or  12^  per  cent ;  water  twice  the  quantity 
of  milk,  or  24  per  cent. 

Kerosene  and  water  emulsion. — Goff  atomizes  kerosene 
and  water  as  follows  :  To  the  Woodason  atomizing  bel- 
lows a  small  cup  was  attached  directly  in  front  of  the 
fount  for  holding  the  liquid  to  be  atomized.  From  this 
cup  a  very  slender  copper  tube  was  passed  through  the 
side  of  the  fount  where  it  entered  the  larger  tube  that  con- 
ducts the  liquid  from  the  fount  to  the  mouth  of  the  bel- 
lows. It  then  curved  upward,  passing  through  the  center 
of  this  tube  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the  bellows,  where  both 
came  to  an  end  at  the  same  point.  Kerosene  was  then 
placed  in  the  added  cup  and  water  in  the  fount.  On  work- 
ing the  bellows  the  liquids  are  atomized  together.  The 


Insecticides.  1 1 

Kerosene  and  water  emulsion,  continued. 

proportion  of  kerosene  emitted  will  depend  upon  the  rela. 
tive  diameters  of  the  two  tubes,  but  it  may  also  be  regu- 
lated by  the  relative  depths  of  the  liquid  in  their  respect- 
ive founts.  A  better  way  would  be  to  use  but  •»  single 
fount  and  to  divide  this  into  two  parts,  one  for  kerosene 
and  the  other  for  water.  This  would  permit  che  mouch  of 
the  bellows  to  be  brought  nearer  to  +he  plant  to  be 
atomized. 

Lime  spray. — Slake  \  peck  or  a  peck  of  lime  in  a  barrel 
of  water,  straining  the  lime  as  it  enters  the  barrel  to  pre- 
vent its  clogging  the  pump.  Apply  in  a  spray  until  the 
tree  appears  as  if  white-washed.  For  rose-chafer. 

London  purple. — See  Arsenites. 

Lye  wash. —  r  pound  concentrated  lye,  potash,  or  J  pound 
to  3  gallons  water.  On  an  average,  i  bushel  of  good  wood 
ashes  contains  about  4  pounds  of  potash.  For  scale  insects. 
Common  home-made  lye  is  often  diluted  with  water  and 
applied  to  apple  branches  with  a  brush  as  a  remedy  for  the 
bark-louse.  It  is  also  recommended  as  a  remedy  for  the 
cabbage-worm,  being  sprinkled  on  trie  cabbages  with  a 
watering-pot.  If  concentrated  lye  is  used,  a  pound  should 
be  diluted  with  a  barrel  of  water. 

Lye  and  sulphur  wash. — Concentrated  lye,  i  pound,  or 
potash,  iX  pounds:  sulphur,  i^  pounds;  water,  3  gal- 
lons. For  scale  insects. 

Oil  and  alkali  wash. — i.  i-J  gallons  of  whale  oil,  25 
pounds  sal-soda  ;  dissolve  the  sal-soda  in  25  gallons  of 
water  and  heat  it  to  boiling.  When  boiling  pour  the  whale 
oil  in.  Apply  the  wash  when  cooled  to  130°  Fahr. 

2.  i  pound  of  concentrated  lye  (American)  of  80  per 
cent. ;  or  J  of  a  pound  of  Greenbank  powdered  caustic 
soda,  of  98  per  cent. ;  or  i  pound  of  solid  caustic  soda,  of 
76  per  cent.;  or  i^£  pounds  of  solid  caustic  soda  of  63 
per  cent.  These  varying  proportions  are  given  because 
•he  caustic  sodas  in  the  markets  are  of  different  strengths 


12  The  Horticidturis?  s  Rule- Book. 

Oil  and  alkali  wash,  continued. 

and  purity.  Whichever  one  is  chosen,  add  to  each  amount 
named  ^  pound  of  commercial  potash  and  dissolve  in  6 
gallons  of  water. 

Both  washes  are  for  scale  insects  on  deciduous  trees  in 
winter.  (Californian.) 

Paraffine  oil. — When  plants  are  infested  with  lice,  water 
them  at  intervals  of  three  or  four  days  for  about  three 
weeks  with  diluted  paraffine  in  the  proportion  of  a  wine- 
glassful  to  watering  can  of  water. 

Paris  green. — See  Arsenites. 

Plaster  and  kerosene. — 2  quarts  of  plaster  or  wood  ashes, 
i  tablespoonful  of  kerosene.  Mix  and  rub  with  the  hands 
until  the  oil  is  well  incorporated.  Bone-flour  may  be  sub- 
stituted for  the  plaster. 

Promoting  growth. — Any  course  that  tends  to  promote 
vigor  will  be  helpful  in  enabling  plants  to  withstand  the 
attacks  of  plant  lice  and  other  insects. 

Pyrethrum.  A  very  fine  and  light  brown  powder  made 
from  the  flower  heads  of  species  of  pyrethrum.  It  is 
scarcely  injurious  to  man.  Three  brands  are  upon  the 
market  : 

PERSIAN  INSECT  POWDER,  made  from  the  heads  of  Pyrethrum 
roseum,  a  species  now  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant. 
The  plant  is  native  to  the  Caucasus  region. 
DALMATIAN  INSECT  POWDER,   made   from  Pyrethrum  cinera- 
ria; folium. 

BUHACH,   made  in  California  from  cultivated  plants  of  P. 
cineraria  folium. 

When  fresh  and  pure,  all  these  brands  appear  to  be 
equally  valuable,  but  the  home-grown  product  is  usually 
considered  most  reliable.  Pyrethrum  soon  loses  its  value 
when  exposed  to  the  air.  It  is  used  in  various  ways  : 

1.  In  solution  in  water,  i  ounce  to  3  gallons. 

2.  Dry,  without  dilution. 


Insecticides .  1 3 

Pyrethrum  (Buhach),  continued. 

3.  Dry,  diluted  with  flour  or  any  light  and  fine  pow- 
der.    The  poison  may  be  used  in  the  proportion  of  i  part 
to  from  6  to  30  of  the  diluent. 

4.  In  fumigation.     It  may  be  scattered  directly  upon 
coals,  or  made  into  small   balls  by   wetting  and   molding 
with  the  hands  and  then  set  upon  coals.     This  is  a  de- 
sirable way  of  dealing  with  mosquitoes  and  flies. 

5.  In  alcohol.     Dissolve  about  4  ounces  of  powder  in  i 
gill  of  alcohol,  and  add  12  gallons  of  water. 

6.  Decoction.     Whole  flower  heads  are  treated  to  boil- 
ing water  and  the  liquid  is  covered  to  prevent  evaporation. 
Boiling  the  liquid  destroys  its  value. 

Good  insect  powder  can  be  made  from  Pyretfirum  roseum, 
and  probably  also  from  P.  cinerari&folium,  which  is  grown 
in  the  home  garden. 

Quassia. — Boil  4  ozs.  of  quassia  chips  10  minutes  in  a 
gallon  of  water  ;  strain  off  the  chips  and  add  4  ozs.  of 
soft  water,  which  should  be  dissolved  in  it  as  ii:  cools. 
Apply  with  syringe  or  brush.  10  or  15  minutes  after  it  has 
been  applied,  give  the  tree  a  good  syringing  with  clean 
water.  For  plant  lice. 

Resin  soap.  Ingredients  for  one  barrel  of  50  gallons  :  10 
pounds  caustic  soda,  98  per  cent. ;  10  pounds  potash ;  40 
pounds  tallow  ;  40  pounds  resin.  First. — Dissolve  the  pot- 
ash and  soda  in  10  gallons  of  water.  When  dissolved, 
place  the  whole  amount  in  the  barrel  to  be  used.  Second. — 
Dissolve  the  tallow  and  resin  together.  When  dissolved, 
add  the  same  to  the  potash  and  soda  in  the  barrel,  and  stir 
well  for  five  minutes  or  so.  Leave  standing  for  about  two 
hours  ;  then  fill  up  with  water,  stirring  well  as  every  bucket 
of  water  goes  in.  Use  the  following  day,  i  pound  to  the 
gallon  of  water.  Apply  warm.  For  scale  on  deciduous 
trees  in  summer.  (Californian.) 

Resin  and  fish-oil  soap. — 20  pounds  of  resin,  i  gallon  of 
fish-oil,  8  pounds  of  caustic  soda,  and  enough  water  to 


$4  The  Horticulturist  s  Rule- Book. 

Eesin  and  fish-oil  soap,  continued. 

make  100  gallons.  The  caustic  soda  is  first  dissolved  in 
about  16  gallons  of  water,  after  which  yz  of  the  solution 
is  taken  out  and  the  resin  added  to  that  remaining  in  the 
kettle.  When  all  the  resin  is  dissolved,  the  fish-oil  is  added 
to  it  and  the  whole  thoroughly  stirred,  after  which  the  bal- 
ance of  the  caustic  soda  solution  is  added  very  slowly  and 
boiled  for  about  an  hour,  or  until  it  will  readily  mix  with 
water.  Use  an  iron  kettle.  For  scale  insects  on  orange 
and  olive.  (Californian.) 

Resin  and  petroleum  soap. — Water,  100  gals. ;  resin,  17  >£ 
Ibs.  ;  soda  (60  per  cent.),  7  Ibs.  ;  fish-oil,  3  Ibs.  ;  petroleum, 
2  Ibs.  The  resin,  soda  and  fish-oil,  with  20  gals,  water, 
are  boiled  together  for  four  hours,  when  the  kerosene  is 
added  and  the  whole  is  thoroughly  stirred.  While  hot, 
place  in  a  barrel  and  add  the  remaining  80  gals,  water,  and 
emulsify  by  thorough  stirring.  For  scale  on  citrus  trees. 

Salt  and  lime  wash. — 25  pounds  of  lime  (unslaked),  20 
pounds  of  sulphur,  15  pounds  of  salt,  60  gallons  of  water. 
To  mix  the  above,  take  10  pounds  of  lime,  20  pounds  of 
sulphur,  and  20  gallons  of  water.  Boil  until  the  sulphur 
is  thoroughly  dissolved.  Take  the  remainder — 15  pounds 
of  lime  and  15  pounds  of  salt-slack,  and  add  enough  of 
water  to  make  the  whole  60  gallons.  Strain  and  spray  on 
the  trees  when  milk-warm  or  somewhat  warmer.  This  can 
be  applied  when  the  foliage  is  off  the  tree,  and  will  have 
no  injurious  effects  whatever  on  the  fruit  buds  or  the  tree 
itself.  For  scale  on  deciduous  trees  in  winter.  (Cali- 
fornian.) 

Soap  and  arsenites. — Yellow  soap,  4  Ibs.,  which  is  dis- 
solved in  i  gallon  of  hot  water ;  add  4  ounces  of  London 
purple  or  Paris  green,  mix,  and  dilute  with  50  gallons  of 
hot  water.  For  plant  lice. 

Soap  and  lime  wash.— 5  Ibs.  potash,  5  Ibs.  lard  stirred  in 
5  gals,  of  boiling  water  ;  i  peck  quicklime  slaked  in  5  gals. 
of  boiling  water,  and  mixed  while  hot  with  the  potash  and 


Insecticides.  15 

Soap  and  lime  wash,  continued. 

lard  mixture.  Dilute  by  adding  2  gals,  of  boiling  water 
for  each  gallon  of  the  mixture.  It  will  keep  indefinitely. 
For  preventing  the  attacks  of  borers. 

Soap  and  soda  wash. — To  soft-soap  add  a  strong  solution 

of    common  washing-soda,  until   the  mixture   becomes  a 

thick  paint. 
Soap  and  tobacco. — Dissolve  8  Ibs.  of  the  best  soft  soap 

in  12  gallons  of  rain  water,  and  when  cold  add  i  gallon  of 

strong  tobacco  liquor.     For  plant  lice. 

Soda  and  aloes. — Dissolve  2  Ibs.  of  washing  soda  and  i 
oz.  of  bitter  Barbadoes  aloes,  and  when  cold  add  i  gallon 
of  water.  Dip  the  plants  into  the  solution,  and  lay  them 
on  their  sides  for  a  short  time,  and  the  insect  will  drop  off. 
Syringe  the  plants  with  clean,  tepid  water,  and  return  to 
the  house.  For  plant  lice. 

Soda  and  resin  wash. — Salsoda,  3  Ibs.,  added  to  i  pint  of 
hot  water  ;  add  slowly  4  Ibs.  of  resin,  and  gradually  add  2 
pints  of  hot  water.  Dilute  to  5  gallons.  For  scale  in- 
sects ;  also  recommended  for  curculio. 

Soda  wash. — Dissolve  l/2  pound  of  common  washing-soda 
in  a  pail  of  water. 

Sulphide  of  soda  wash  (Hilgard's). — Dissolva  30  pounds  of 
whale-oil  soap  in  60  gallons  of  water,  by  heating  the  two 
together  thoroughly.  Then  boil  3  pounds  of  American  con- 
centrated lye  with  6  pounds  of  sulphur  and  2  gallons  of 
water.  When  thoroughly  dissolved  it  is  a  dark  brown 
liquid,  chemically  called  sulphide  of  soda.  Mix  the  two — 
the  soap  and  the  sulphide — well,  and  allow  thefn  to  boil 
half  an  hour.  Then  add  about  90  gallons  of  water  to  the 
mixture,  and  it  is  ready  for  use.  Apply  it  warm,  by  means 
of  a  spray  pump.  Used  warm,  its  effect  is  better  and  less 
material  is  required  than  when  cold.  For  scale  on  decid- 
uous trees  in  summer.  (Californian.) 


1 6  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Sulphur. — Fumes  of  sulphur  is, destructive  to  insects,  but 
it  should  be  carefully  used  or  plants  will  be  injured.  For 
greenhouse  use,  few  insecticides  are  superior.  The  sul- 
phur should  be  evaporated  over  an  oil  stove,  until  the 
room  is  filled  with  the  vapor.  The  sulphur  should  never 
be  burned,  as  burning  sulphur  kills  plants. 

Sulphur  and  snuff. — i  Ib.  of  flowers  of  sulphur,  i  Ib.  of 
scotch  snuff,  i  Ib.  of  quicklime,  */%  Ib.  of  lamp-black,  i 
Ib.  of  soft  soap,  with  sufficient  water  to  make  them  into 
the  consistency  of  paint.  Wash  every  branch,  from  the 
ground  upwards,  with  a  common  paint  brush  before  the 
bloom-buds  begin  to  swell.  For  plant  lice. 

Tobacco. — Used  in  the  following  ways  : 

1.  Tobacco  water,  used  with  whale  oil  soap. 

2.  Dust. 

3.  Fumes.     Burn  dampened  tobacco  stems. 

4.  Nicotyl.     Steep  tobacco  stems  in  water  and  evaporate 
the  water. 

5.  Tea,  or  common  decoction.      Boil  the  stems  or  dust 
thoroughly,  and  strain.     Then  add  cold  water  until  the  de- 
coction contains  2  gallons  of  liquid  to  i  pound  of  tobacco.' 

Whale  oil  soap. — i  pound  whale  oil  soap  to  5  gallons  of 
water.  For  mealy  bugs  and  similar  insects.  It  will  injure 
some  tender  plants. 

White  hellebore. — A  light  brown  powder  made  from  the 
roots  of  the  white  hellebore  plant  ( Veratrum  atbuni],  one 
of  the  lily  family.  It  is  applied  both  dry  and  in  water. 
In  the  dry  state,  it  is  usually  applied  without  dilution,  al- 
though the  addition  of  a  little  flour  will  render  it  more 
adhesive.  In  water,  i  ounce  of  the  poison  is  mixed  with 
3  gallons.  Hellebore  soon  loses  its  strength,  and  a  fresh 
article  should  always  be  demanded.  It  is  much  less  poi- 
sonous than  the  arsenites 


CHAPTER  II. 

INJURIOUS  INSECTS,  WITH  REMEDIES    AND    PREVEN- 
TIVES. 

Angle- Worm  or  Earth- Worm.  The  common  angle- worm 
often  destroys  greenhouse  plants  by  its  burrowing.  It  is 
sometimes  annoying  in  gardens  also. 

Remedy. — Lime  water  applied  to  the  soil. 
Aphides  or  Plant-Lice,  and  Bark-Lice.     Minute  insects  of 
various   kinds,    feeding   upon  the  tender   parts  of    many 
plants. 

Remedies. — Kerosene    emulsion.      Kerosene    and   water 
emulsion.      Hot  water  (about  125°).     Coal  tar  fumes. 
Apple.     APPLE  CURCULIO  (Anlhonomus  quadrigibbus.  Say). 
— A  soft  white  grub,  about  half  an  inch  long,  living  in  the 
fruit, 

Remedy. — Arsenites,  as  for  codlin  moth. 

APPLE  FLEA-BEETLE  (Graptoderafoliacea,  Lee). — Beetle,  one- 
fifth  inch  or  less  long,  feeding  upon  leaves. 

Remedy .  — Arsenites. 

APPLE  MAGGOT  (  Trypeta  pomonella,  Walsh).— Maggot ;  in- 
fests fall  apples  mostly,  occasionally  attacks  winter  fruit. 
It  tunnels  apples  through  and  through,  causing  the  fruit  to 
fall  to  the  earth.  Prefers  summer  and  fall  apples. 

Remedies — Immediately  destroy  all  infested  fruit,  pomace, 
and  apple  waste  from  the  house. 

BARK  LOUSE  (Mytilaspis  pomontm,  Bouche). — Minute  insects 
feeding  upon  the  tender  shoots.  Later  in  the  season  the 
insect  secretes  a  scale  under  which  it  lives.  The  old  scales 
become  conspicuous  on  the  twigs, 

R— 2  (17) 


i8  The  Horticulturist's  Rule-Book. 

Apple  (Bark  Louse),  continued. 

Preventive. — Plant  unaffected  trees. 

Remedies. — Spray  with  kerosene  emulsion,  soda  wash, 
or  soap  and  soda  wash,  when  the  shoots  begin  to  start. 
Wash  the  limbs  with  soap  suds  or  lye  water.  Scrape  off 
the  lice. 

BUD  MOTH  (Tmetocera  oceilana,  Fabr.). — A  minute  insect, 
destroying  the  flower  bud  of  apples,  pears,  plums,  etc. 

Remedy. — Arsenites  applied  when  the  buds  begin  to  swell, 
and  again  ten  days  later. 

CANKER-WORM  (Anisopteryxvernata,  Peck). — Larva,  a  "meas- 
uring worm"  an  inch  long,  dark  and  variously  striped, 
feeding  upon  the  leaves. 

Preventive. — Bands  smeared  with  tar  or  printer's  ink,  or 
similar  devices,  placed  about  the  trunk  of  the  tree  to  pre- 
vent the  wingless  females  from  climbing. 

Remedies. — Arsenites.  Jar  the  worms  into  straw,  and 
burn  the  straw. 

CODLIN  MOTH  (Carpocapsa  pomonella,  Linn). — Larva,  three; 
fourths  inch  long,  pinkish,  feeding  in  fruit ;  two  broods. 

Remedies. — Arsenites  applied  just  after  the  blossoms  fall 
and  again  ten  days  or  two  weeks  later.  Swine  in  the 
orchard.  Cloth  band  about  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  which 
is  examined  at  intervals  of  seven  to  nine  days  for  larvae 
and  chrysalids. 

FALL  WEB-WORM  (Hyphantria  textor,  Harris). — Hairy  larvae, 
about  an  inch  long,  varying  from  gray  to  pale  yellow  or 
bluish  black,  feeding  upon  the  leaves  of  many  trees,  feed- 
ing in  tents  or  webs. 

Remedy. — Destroy  by  burning  the  webs,  or  removing 
them  and  crushing  the  larvae. 

FLAT-HEADED  BORER  (Chrysobothris  femorata,  Fabr.). — Larva 
about  an  inch  long,  flesh  colored,  the  third  segment 
("head")  greatly  enlarged;  boring  under  the  bark  and 
sometimes  into  the  wood. 

Preventive. — Soap  and  carbolic  acid  washes  applied 
early  in  June  and  July.  Keep  trees  vigorous. 

Remedies. — Dig  out  the  borers.   Encourage  wood-peckers. 


Injurious  Insects.  19 

Apple,  continued. 

PEAR-TWIG  BEETLE.     See  under  Pear, 

PLUM  CURCULIO  (Conotrachehis  nenuphar,  Herbst). — Beetle; 
punctures  the  fruit  and  causes  it  to  become  distorted. 

Remedies. — Arsenite  .  Plant  plum  trees  at  intervals 
throughout  the  orchard  to  attract  the  curculio,  and  fight 
the  insects  on  the  plums.  See  under  Plum. 

ROOT-LOUSE  (Sc/iizoneitra  lanigera,  Hausm). — A  minute  insect 
which  causes  swelling  upon  the  roots  of  the  tree,  impair- 
ing its  vitality,  or  killing  it.  In  another  form  the  insect 
attacks  the  young  branches.  It  is  then  conspicuous  from 
its  cottony  covering.  The  treatment  for  aphis  is  useful 
here. 

Remedy. — Hot  water.  Scalding  hot  water  may  be  poured 
on  the  bare  roots  of  trees  standing  in  the  soil,  or  nursery 
stock  may  be  dipped  in  water  having  a  temperature  of 
120  to  150°.  Mulching  about  trees  is  said  to  bring  the  lice 
nearer  the  surface. 

ROSE  BEETLE. — See  under  Rose.  There  is  practically  no 
remedy  for  the  rose  beetle  on  large  orchard  trees.  Rav- 
ages can  be  prevented,  to  a  large  extent,  by  the  iime  spray. 

ROUND-HEADED  BORERS  {Saperda  Candida  and  S.  cretata, 
Fabr.). — Larva,  an  inch  long  when  mature;  bores  into  the 
tree.  It  remains  in  the  larval  state  three  years. 

Preventive. — Soap  and  carbolic  acid  washes  applied 
early  in  June  and  in  July. 

Remedies. — Dig  out  borers  in  the  fall.  Insert  a  wire 
into  the  holes. 

TENT  CATERPILLARS  (Clisiocampa  Americana  and  C.  sylvatica, 
Harris). — Larva,  nearly  twoinches  long,  spotted  and  striped 
with  yellow,  white  and  black  ;  feeding  upon  the  leaves. 

Remedy. — Arsenides,  as  for  codlin  moth.  Burn  out  nests 
with  torch. 

TUSSOCK  MOTH  (Orgyia  leucostigma,  Sm.  and  Abb.). — A  hand- 
some caterpillar,    an    inch    long,  bright   yellow   with   red 
markings,  very  hairy.     Eats  the  leaves. 
Remedy. — Arsenites. 


20  rlhe  HorticiUtiiris?  s  Rule- Book. 

Apple,  continued. 

TWIG-BORER  {Amphicerus  Bostrichus  bicaudatus,  Say). — 
Beetle,  three-eighths  inch  long,  cylindrical  and  dark  brown, 
boring  into  twigs  of  apple,  pear  and  other  trees.  The 
beetle  enters  just  above  a  bud. 

Remedy. — Burn   the    twigs.      Catch    insects    in    mating 
season. 

T\viG-PRUKERs(£t(>fl/ii(tionsara/ie/um,  Newm,  and  E.villosum, 
Fabr.).  Yellowish  white  larvae,  about  a  half  inch  long, 
boring  into  young  twigs,  causing  them  to  die  and  break  off. 

Remedy. — Burn  the  twigs. 
Apricot.     PEAR-TWIG  BEETLE.     See  under  Pear. 

PLUM  CURCULIO.     See  under  Plum. 

Asparagus.  ASPARAGUS  BEETLE  (Crioceris  asparagi, 
Linn.). — Beetle,  less  than  one-fourth  inch  in  length,  yellow, 
red  and  shining  black,  with  conspicuous  ornamentation, 
feeding  upon  the  tender  shoots.  Larva  feeds  upon  the  leaves 
and  tender  bark. 

Remedies. — Freshly    slaked  lime  dusted   on   before   the 
dew  has  disappeared  in  the  morning.     Poultry. 
Aster.     ASTER-WORM.     A  small  larva  boring  in  the  stem 
of  garden  asters  about  the  time  they  begin  to  flower,  caus- 
ing the  heads  to  droop. 

No  remedy  is  known,  but  all  infested  stalks  should  be 
burned. 

Bean.  BEAN-WEEVIL  or  BEAN-BUG  (B.-uchus  obsoletus, 
Say). — Closely  resembles  the  pea-weevil,  which  see  for  de- 
scription and  remedies. 

Bag- Worm  or  Basket- Worm  ( Thyridopteryxephemerceformis, 
Haw  ). — Larva  working  in  singular  dependent  bags,  and 
feeding  upon  many  kinds  of  trees,  both  evergreen  and  de- 
ciduous. In  winter  the  bags,  empty  or  containing  eggs,  are 
conspicuous,  hanging  from  the  branches. 

Remedies.  — Hand-picking.     Arsenites. 
Bark-Lice.     See  under  Aphides. 


Injurious  Insects  21 

Blackberry.     CANE- BORER,     See  under  Raspberry. 
ROOT  GALL-FLY.     See  under  Raspberry. 
SNOWY  CRICKET.     See  under  Raspberry. 
Blister-Beetle  (Lytta,  two  or  three  species).     Soft-shelled, 
long-necked  and  slim  black  or  gray  spry  beetles,  feeding 
upon  the  leaves  of  many  trees  and  garden  plants 

Remedies. — Arsenites.     Jarring. 

Cabbage.  CABBAGE-WORM,  or  CABBAGE  BUTTERFLY  (Pieris 
rapa,  Linn.). — Larva  an  inch  long,  green  with  yellow  and 
black  markings,  feeding  upon  the  heads  ;  two  broods. 

Remedies. — Pyrethrum.     Hot  water  (temperature  from 
140°  to  160°),  applied  forcibly  in  a  fine  spray.     Lye  wash. 
GREEN  LETTUCE-WORM.     See  under  Lettuce. 
HARLEQUIN    CABBAGE-BUG    (Strackia   histrionica,    Hahn). — 
Bug  about  a  half  inch  long,  gaudily  colored  with  orange 
dots  and  stripes  over  a  blue-black  ground,  feeding  upon 
cabbage  ;  two  to  six  broods. 

Remedies. — Hand-picking.  Place  blocks  about  the  patch 
and  the  bugs  will  collect  under  them.  In  the  fall  make 
small  piles  of  rubbish  in  the  patch  and  burn  them  at  thfe 
approach  of  winter. 

MAGGOT  (Anthomyia  brassiccc,  Bouche). — A  minute  white 
maggot,  the  larva  of  a  small  fly,  eating  into  the  crown 
and  roots  of  young  cabbage  and  cauliflower  and  turnip 
plants. 

Remedies. — There  are  no  remedies  specific  for  the  pest ; 
the  best  one  can  do  is  to  remove  the  plantation  to  a  new  plot, 
as  far  away  as  possible,  each  year.  When  the  plants  are  in 
a  hot-bed,  maggots  can  be  destroyed  by  inserting  bisulphide 
of  carbon  into  the  soil.  Puddle  the  plants  when  trans- 
planting in  a  puddle  to  which  sulphur  has  been  added, 
and  sprinkle  sulphur  about  the  plants  after  they  are  set. 
Liquid  manure  applied  to  the  plants  is  said  to  drive  away 
the  insects.  All  infested  plants  should  be  burned. 

The  "club-root"  of  cabbage  is  not  due  to  the  maggot, 
but  to  a  fungus  (which  see). 


22  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Carrot.     PARSLEY- WORM.     See  under  Parsley. 
Cauliflower.    CAULIFLOWER  or  CABBAGE- WORM.    See  under 

Cabbage. 

MAGGOT.     See  under  Cabbage. 
Celery.     GREEN  LETTUCE-WORM.      See  under  Lettuce. 

PARSLEY- WORM.     See  under  Parsley. 
Cherry.     CANKER-WORM.     Sec  under  Apple. 
PLUM  CURCULIO.     See  under  Plum. 
ROSE  BEETLE.     See  under  Rose  and  Apple. 
SLUG  (Selandria  cerasi,  Peck). — Lcirva,   one-half  inch  long, 
blackish  and  slimy,  feeding  upon  the  leaves ;  two  broods. 
'  Remedies. — Arsenites,  for  the  second  brood  (which  usu- 
ally appears  after  the  fruit  is  off),  and  for  the  first  brood  if 
the  trees  are  not  bearing.   Hellebore  in  water.    Pyrethrum. 
Air-slaked  lime.     Catch  mature  insects  by  jarring  trees 
late  in  the  evening  or  early  in  the  morning. 

Chrysanthemum.      GREEN    LETTUCE-WORM.      See  under 

Lettuce. 

CHRYSANTHEMUM  LEAF-MINER  (Oscinis   sp.).) — Works  upon 
the  leaves  of  the  chrysanthemum. 
Remedy.  — Hand-picking. 

Corn.     BUD-WORM.     See  Tomato  Fruit-worm. 

CORNSTALK  BORER  (Helotropha  atra,  Get.). — Larva,  gray,  and 
striped,  boring  into  the  stalk. 
Remedies. — See  Cut- Worm. 

GRAIN  APHODIUS  (Aphodius  granarius,  Linn.) — Beetle,  one- 
eighth  inch  long,  shining  black,  feeding  on  kernels  in  the 
ground  before  they  sprout. 

Remedy. — Soak  kernels  in  water,  then  stir  them  in  a  mix" 
ture  of  Paris  green  to  twenty  parts  of  flour. 
Cranberry.     CRANBERRY  APHIS  or  LOUSE. 

Remedy. — Flooding.      See  also  under  Aphides. 
FIRE-WORM,  or  CRANBERRY-WORM  (Phopobotavacdniana,  Pack- 
ard).—Small  larva,   green,   feeding  upon   the  shoots  and 


Injurious  Insects.  23 

Cranberry  (Fire- Worm  or  Cranberry- Worm) ,  continued. 

young  leaves,  drawing  them  together  by  silken   threads  ; 
two  broods. 

Remedies. — Flooding  for  two  or  three  days.     Arsenites. 
Attract  the  moths  to  fires  at  night. 

CRANBERRY  SAW-FLY  (Pristipkora  identidem,  Norton). — 
Larva,  less  than  one-half  inch  long,  greenish,  feeding  upon 
the  leaves ;  two  broods. 

Remedy. — Flooding.     Probably  hellebore  and  arsenites. 
WEEVIL  (Anthonomous   sttturalis,    Sec.). — Beetle,    less    than 
cne-f©urth  inch  long,  cutting  off  the  flower  buds. 

Remedy.  — Flooding. 

Cucumber.  CUCUMBER  or  PICKLE-WORM  (Edioptis  nitidalis^ 
Cram.). — Larva,  about  an  inch  long,  yellowish-white, 
tinged  with  green,  boring,  into  cucumbers  ;  two  broods. 

Remedies. — Hand-picking  at  the  first  appearance  of  the 
caterpillars.     Destroy  infested  fruits. 
MELON-WORM. — See  under  Melon. 

SPOTTED  CUCUMBER  BEETLE  (Diabrotica  i2-punctata,  Oliv.). 
— Beetle,  yellowish  and  black-spotted,  about  one-fourth 
inch  long,  feeding  upon  the  leaves  and  fruit.  Sometimes 
attacks  fruit-trees,  and  the  larva  may  injure  roots  of  corn. 

Remedy. — Same  as  for  Striped  Cucumber  Beetle. 
STRIPED   CUCUMBER   BEETLE  {Diabrotica   vittata,  Fabr.). — 
Beetle,  one-fourth  inch  long,  yellow  with  black  stripes, 
feeding  on  leaves.     Larva,  one-eighth  inch  long  and  size 
of  a  pin,  feeding  on  roots  :  two  broods. 

Preventive. — Cheap    boxes    covered    with    thin    muslin 
placed  over  young  plants. 

Remedies. — Arsenites.     Land  plaster.     Air-slaked  lime. 

Plaster  and  kerosene.     Apply  remedies  when  dew  is  on, 

and  see  that  it  strikes  the  under  side  of  the  leaves. 

Currant.     BORER  (^Egeria  tipuliformis,  Linn.). — A  whitish 

larva,  boring  in  the  canes  of  currants,  and  sometimes  of 

gooseberries.     The  larva  remains  in  the  cane  over  winter. 

Remedy. — In  fall  and  early  spring  cut  and  burn  all  affected 


24  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Currant  (Borer),  continued. 

canes.     These  canes  are  distinguished  before  cutting  by 
lack  of  vigor,  and  by  limberness. 

CURRANT-WORM,  or  CURRANT  and  GOOSEBERRY  SAW-FLY 
(Nematus  ventricosus,  Klug). — Larva,  about  three-fourths 
inch  long,  yellow,  green,  feeding  upon  the  leaves  of  red 
and  white  varieties  ;  two  to  four  broods. 

Remedies. — White  hellebore,  applied  early.  Arsenites 
after  the  fruit  is  picked. 

CURRANT  MEASURING  or  SPAN-WORM  (Enfitchia  (Abraxis) 
ribearia,  Fitch.). — Larva  somewhat  over  an  inch  long, 
with  stripes  and  dotted  with  yellow  or  black,  feeding  upon 
the  leaves. 

'Remedies. — Hellebore,  applied  stronger  than  for  currant 
worm.  Arsenites,  if  the  bushes  are  not  bearing.  Hand 
picking. 

FOUR-STRIPED  PLANT-BUG  (Pcecilocapsus  lineatus,  Fabr.).  —  A 
bright  yellow  black-striped  bug  about  one-third  of  an  inch 
long,  puncturing  the  young  leaves  and  shoots  of  many 
plants. 

Remedy. — Jarring  early  in  the  morning. 

GREEN  LEAF-HOPPF.R  (Empoa  albopicta,  Forbes). — Small  insect 
working  upon  the  under  surface  of  the  currant  and  goose- 
berry leaves.  Also  upon  the  apple. 

Remedy. — Pyrethrum. 

GREEN  LEAF-HOPPER. — ( Typlocylm  albopicta,  Forbes). — A  pale 
green  insect  about  one-tenth  inch  long,  feeding  upon  leaves 
of  currants  and  gooseberries,  also  upon  the  apple,  causing 
white  spots  to  appear  upon  the  upper  surfaces. 

Remedies. — Pyrethrum,  applied  before  the  insects  are 
fully  grown.  Tobacco  dust. 

Cut-Worm.  Various  species  of  Agrotis  and  related  genera. 
Soft,  brown  or  gray  worms,  of  various  kinds,  feeding  upon 
the  roots,  crown,  or  even  the  tops  of  plants. 

Preventives  and  Remedies.—  Encircling  the  stem  of  the 
plant  with  heavy  paper  or  tin.  Arsenites  sprinkled  upon 


Injurious  Insects.  25 

Cut- Worm,  continued. 

small  bunches  of  fresh  grass  or  clover,  which  are  scattered 
at  short  intervals  about  the  garden  towards  evening. 
Arsenites  mixed  with  shorts,  and  placed  about  the  plants 
Make  two  or  three  deep  holes  by  the  side  of  the  plant 
with  a  pointed  stick;  the  worms  will  fall  in  and  cannot 
escape.  Dig  them  out.  Plow  infested  land  in  fall  to  give 
birds  a  chance  to  find  the  worms. 

Cut- Worm,  Climbing.  Several  species  of  Agrotis.  The 
worms  climb  small  trees  of  various  kinds  at  night  and  eat 
out  the  buds. 

Preventive, — Place  strips  of  tin  or  bands  of  tar  about 
the  trunk.  Dig  a  small  circular  hole,  with  perpedicular 
sides,  about  the  base  of  the  tree. 

Remedies. — Arsenites.     Hellebore. 
Dahlia.     FOUR-STRIPED  PLANT-BUG.     See  under  Currant. 

GREEN  LETTUCE-WORM. — See  under  Lettuce. 
Deutzia.     FOUR-STRIPED  PLANT-BUG.     See  under  Currant. 
Egg  Plant.     POTATO  BEETLE.     See  under  Potato. 
Elm.   ELM-LEAF  BEETLE  (Galleruca  xantho-melcena,  Schr.). 
— A   small   bettle,  imported  from   Europe,   which    causes 
great  devastation  in  some  of  the  eastern  states,  by  eating 
the  green  matter  from  elm  leaves,  causing  the  trees  to  ap- 
pear as  if  scorched. 

Remedy. — Arsenites  with  kerosene  emulsion 
CANKER-WORM.     See  under  Apple. 
WILLOW- WORM. — See  under  Willow. 

Endive.     GREEN  LETTUCE-WORM.     See  under  Lettuce. 

Flea-Beetle  (Phyllotrcta  vittata,  Fabr.  ;  Haltica  striolata, 
Harris). — A  minute  black  spotted  beetle,  feeding  upon 
many  plants,  as  turnips,  cabbage,  radish,  mustard,  potato, 
strawberry,  and  stocks.  It  jumps  upon  being  disturbed. 
Closely  related  species  attack  various  plants.  Very  de- 
structive to  plants  which  are  just  appearing  above  the  sur- 
face. 


26  The  Horticulturist's  Rule-Book. 

Flea-Beetle,  continued. 

Remedies. — There  are  no  reliable  preventives  or  reme- 
dies. Arsenites  applied  dry  while  the  dew  is  o"n  are  best. 
Land  plaster,  lime,  ashes,  and  tobacco  dust,  applied  in  the 
same  manner,  are  more  or  less  effective.  Tobacco  decoc- 
tion used  very  liberally.  Wood-ashes  applied  liberally. 
Sometimes  these  injure  the  plants.  Kerosene  emulsion 
thrown  with  great  force  agrinst  the  plants.  Calomel, 
mixed  with  flour  or  ashes.  The  same  remedies  apply  to 
other  flea-beetles. 

Gooseberry.     CURRANT- BORER.     See  under  Currant. 
CURRANT  MEASURING  or  SPAN-WORM. — See  under  Currant. 
FOUR-STRIPED  PLANT-BUG. — See  under  Currant. 
GOOSEBERRY  or  CURRANT- WORM. — See  under  Currant. 
GOOSEBERRY  FRUIT- WORM  (Dakruma  convolutella,  Hubn.). — 
Larva,  about  three-fourths  inch  long,  greenish  or  yellow- 
ish, feeding  in  the  berry,  causing  it  to  ripen  prematurely 
Remedies. — Destroy  affected  berries.     Clean  cultivation 
Poultry. 

GREEN  LEAF-HOPPER. — See  under  Currant. 
Grape.     APPLE-TREE  BORER.     See  under  Apple. 

GRAPE-BERRY  WORM  (Eudtmis  botrana,  Schiff.). — Larva, 
about  one-fourth  inch  long,  feeding  in  the  berry,  often 
securing  three  or  four  together  in  a  web  ;  two  broods. 

Remedy. — Burn  the  affected  berries  before  the  larva 
escapes. 

GRAPE  CURCULIO. — Larva,  small,  black  with  a  grayish  tint. 
Infests  the  grape  in  June  and  July,  causing  a  little  black 
hole  in  the  skin  and  a  discoloration  of  the  berry  immedi- 
ately around  it. 

Remedies. — Jarring  and  removing  berries.  The  beetle 
may  be  jarred  down  on  sheets,  as  with  the  plum  curculio, 
Bagging  the  clusters. 

GRAPE-SEED   WORM    (Isosoma   vitis,    Saunders). — A    minute 
grub,  living  in  the  seed  of  the  grape  and  causing  it  to  be. 
come  distorted.     The  injured  grapes  shrivel. 
Remedy. — Burn  the  affected  fruit. 


Injurious  Insects.  27 

Grape,  continued. 

GRAPE-SLUG  or  SAW-FLY  (Selandria  vitis,  Harris). — Larva, 
about  one-half  inch  long^  yellowish-green  with  black 
points,  feeding  upon  the  leaves  •  two  broods. 

Remedies. — Arsenites.      Hellebore. 

GRAPE-VINE  FIDIA  (Fidia  viticida]. — Beetle,  resembles  the 
Rose-bug,  somewhat  shorter  and  broader.  It  appears 
during  June  and  July,  riddling  the  leaves. 

Remedies. — Jarring  the  trees  ;  the  least  jar  is  sufficient. 
Poultry. 

GRAPE-VINE  FLEA-BEETLE  (Graptodera  chalybea  Illig.). — 
Beetle,  about  one-fourth  inch  long,  feeding  upon  the  buds 
and  tender  shoots  in  early  spring. 

Remedies. — Arsenites.  The  beetle  can  be  caught  by  jar- 
ring on  cold  mornings. 

GRAPE-VINE  ROOT-BORER  (sEgeria  polistiformis,  Harris). — 
Larva,  one  and  one-half  inch  or  less  long,  working  in  the 
roots. 

Preventive. — Mounding  as  for  the  peach-tree  borer. 

Remedy. — Dig  out  the  borers.  Apply  scalding  water  to 
the  roots. 

GRAPE-VINE  SPHINX  (Darapsa  myron,  Cramer). — A  large 
larva,  two  inches  long  when  mature,  green  with  yellow 
spots  and  stripes,  bearing  a  horn  at  the  posterior  extremity, 
feeding  upon  the  leaves,  and  nipping  off  the  young  clus- 
ters of  grapes  ;  two  broods. 

Remedy. — Hand  picking. 

There  are  other  large  Sphinx  caterpillars  which  feed 
upon  the  foliage  of  the  vine  and  which  are  readily  kept  in 
check  by  hand  picking. 

PHYLLOXERA  (Phylloxera  vestatrix,  Planchon). — A  minute 
insect  preying  upon  the  roots,  and  in  one  form  causing 
galls  upon  the  leaves. 

Preventive. — As  a  rule,  this  insect  is  not  destructive  to 
American  species  of  vines.  Grafting  upon  resistant  stocks 
is  the  most  reliable  method  of  dealing  with  the  insect  yet 
known.  This  precaution  is  undertaken  to  a  large  extent 


28  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Grape  (Phylloxera),  continued. 

in  European  countries,  as  the  European  vine  is  particularly 
subject  to  attack. 

Remedies. — There  is  no  reliable  remedy  known.  Burn 
affected  leaves.  Bisulphide  of  carbon  poured  in  holes  in 
the  ground,  which  are  quickly  filled,  is  sometimes  effective. 
Carbolic  acid  and  water  used  in  the  same  way  is  also 
recommended. 

ROSE  BEETLE. — See  under  Rose. 

SNOWY  CRICKET. — See  under  Raspberry. 

THRIP  or  LEAF-HOPPER  (Erythroneura  vitis,  Harris). — In  vari- 
ous stages,  one-tenth  inch  or  less  long  ;  feeding  on  leaves, 
causing  them  to  appear  scorched. 

Remedies. — Sticky  fly  paper  secured  to  a  stick  and  car- 
ried over  the  vines,  while  another  person  scares  up  the  in- 
sects. Attract  to  lights  at  night.  Kerosene  emulsion.  In 
houses,  tobacco  smoke,  pyrethrum  poured  upon  coals  held 
under  the  vines,  syringing  with  tobacco  water  or  soapsuds. 
Fumigation  in  the  field  should  be  done  before  the  insects 
develop  wings  —  late  in  July  or  in  early  August  (in  the 
north).  Rake  ground  clean  about  vines  late  in  fall  in 
order  to  expose  insects  to  the  weather.  It  has  been  found 
in  California  that  thrips  can  be  greatly  lessened  by  feed- 
ing off  the  leaves  with  sheep,  soon  after  the  grapes  are 
picked. 

Lawns.  ANTS  (Formica  sp.). — Insects  burrow  in  the 
ground,  forming  "ant-hills." 

Remedy. — A  tablespoonful  of  bisulphide  of  carbon, 
poured  into  holes  six  inches  deep  and  a  foot  apart,  the 
holes  being  immediately  filled  up. 

Leaf  Grumpier  (Phycis  indigenella). — Larva,  brown,  wrink- 
led, found  on  the  inside  of  leaves,  which  it  brings  together 
in  masses  and  attaches  them  to  each  other  and  to  the  twigs 
by  means  of  silken  threads.  The  next  season  young 
worms  appear  from  the  mass  and  feed  on  the  new  crop  of 
leaves. 

Remedy. — Gather  the  masses  and  burn  them. 


Injurious  Insects.  29 

Lettuce.     GREEN  LETTUCE-WORM  (Plusia  brassicce,  Riley) 
— Larva   somewhat  over  an  inch  long,  pale  green,  with 
stripes  of  a  lighter  color ,  feeding  upon  the  leaves  of  many 
plants,  as  cabbage,  celery  and  endive. 

jRj/iijily. — Pyrethrum.     Kerosene  emulsion.     Hot  water. 

Lice.     See  Aphides. 

May-beetle  or  May-bug  (Lac/mosterna  fusca,  Frohl.). — A 
large  and  familiar  b.own  beetle,  feeding  upon  the  leaves 
of  many  kinds  of  trees.  The  common  white  grub  is  the 
larval  state.  It  often  does  great  damage  to  sod  and  to 
strawberries. 

Remedy. — For  beetle,  use  arsenites,  or  jar  them  early  in 
the  morning.  For  grubs,  plow  up  the  lawn  so  as  to  ex- 
pose them  to  field  birds  and  poultry,  or  turn  in  hogs. 

Mealy-bug  {Dactylopius  adonidum,  Linn.). — A  white  scale- 
like  insect  attacking  greenhouse  plants. 

Remedies. — Whale  oil  soap.  Carbolic  acid  and  soap. 
Removing  insects  with  brush  on  tender  plants.  Whiskey, 
applied  with  a  brush.  Fish  brine. 

Melon.  MELON-WORM  (Eudioptis hyalinata,  Linn.). — Larva, 
some  over  an  inch  long,  yellowish-green  and  slightly  hairy, 
feeding  on  melon  leaves,  and  eating  holes  into  melons, 
cucumbers  and  squashes  ;  two  or  more  broods. 

Remedy. — Hellebore. 

SPOTTED  CUCUMBER  BEETLE. — See  under  Cucumber. 
STRIPED  CUCUMBER  BEETLE. — See  under  Cucumber. 
SQUASH-VINE  ROOT-BORER. — See  under  Squash. 
Mushroom.     MUSHROOM- FLY.     The  larva  bores   through 
the  stems  of  the  mushrooms  before  they  are  full  grown. 

Preventive,  — Keep  the  beds  cool  so  that  the  fly  cannot 
develop.  When  the  fly  is  present,  growing  mushrooms  in 
warm  weather  is  usually  abandoned. 

Onion.  MAGGOT  (Anthoniyia  ceparum,  Meigen). — Nearly 
indistinguishable  from  the  Cabbage  Maggot,  which  see. 


3O  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Orange.  KATYDID  (JMicrocetttrum  retinervis,  Burm.). — A 
large  green  grasshopper-like  insect,  feeding  upon  the 
foliage.  It  is  largely  kept  in  check  in  some  localities  by  a 
parasitic  chalcid  fly. 

Remedy — Collect  the  eggs,  which  are  conspicuous  on  the 
borders  of  the  leaves. 

LEAF-NOTCHER  (Artipus  Floridanns,  Horn). — Beetle,  one- 
fourth  inch  long,  greenish-blue  or  copper-colored,  eating 
the  edges  of  the  leaves. 

Remedy. — Jarring. 
SCALE. — Many  species,  preying  upon  the  leaves  and  shoots. 

Remedies. — Kerosene  emulsion  applied  v/ith  a  brush  or 
in  spray,  just  before  the  trees  bloom,  and  at  intervals  of 
two  or  three  weeks  as  occasion  may  require.  Lye  wash. 
Lye  and  sulphur  wash.  Pyrethrum  decoction.  Resin 
and  fish  oil  soap.  When  young  the  scale  is  more  easily 
destroyed. 

Parsley.  PARSLEY- WORM  (Papilla  Asterias,  Cramer). — 
Larva,  inch  and  a  half  long,  light  yellow  or  greenish  yel- 
low with  lines  and  spots  ;  feeding  upon  leaves  of  parsley, 
celery,  carrot,  etc.  When  the  worm  is  disturbed,  it  ejects 
two  yellow  horns  with  an  offensive  odor,  from  the  anterior 
end. 

Remedies. — Hand  picking.      Poultry  are  said  to  eat  them 
sometimes. 
Parsnip.     PARSLEY-WORM.      See  under  Parsley. 

PARSNIP  WEB-WORM  (Depressaria  herachana,  De  Geer). — 
Larva,  about  a  half  inch  long,  feeding  in  the  flower  cluster 
and  causing  it  to  become  contorted. 

Remedies. — Arsenites,  applied  as  soon  as  the  young 
worms  appear,  and  before  the  cluster  becomes  distorted. 
The  worms  are  easily  disturbed,  and  hand-picking  is  often 
advisable.  Burn  the  distorted  umbels. 

Pea.  PEA-WEEVIL  or  PEA-BUG  (Bruchus  pisi,  Linn.). — 
A  small  brown-black  beetle,  living  in  peas  over  winter. 
The  beetle  escapes  in  fall  and  spring  and  lays  its  eggs  in 


Injurious  Insects.  31 

Pea  (Pea- Weevil  or  Pea-Bug),  continued. 

young  pea-pods,  and  the  grubs  live  in  the  growing  peas. 

Preventive. — It  is  said  that  coal  ashes  or  sand  saturated 
with  phenyl  and  sown  with  the  peas  will  preven    attack. 
Remedies. — As  soon  as  the  mature  peas  are  picked,  and 
while  the  grubs  are  only  partially  grown,  subject  the  peas 
to  a  temperature  of  145°  for  an  hour.     The  seed  will  not 
be  injured.      The  ripe  peas  may  also  be  confined  in  some 
tight  receptacle,  and  a  little  bisulphide  of  carbon  added. 
Peach.     APPLE-TREE  BORER.      See  under  Apple. 
FLAT-HEADED  BORER. — See  under  Apple. 
KATYDID. — This  insect  is  often  troublesome  to  the  peach  in 
the  southern  states  in  early  spring,  eating  the  leaves  and 
girdling  young  stems. 

Remedy, — Poisoned  baits  placed  about  the  tree. 
PEACH-TWIG    MOTH  (Anarsia  lineatella,  Zeller). — The   larva 
of  a  moth,  a  fourth  inch  long,  boring  in  the  ends  of  the 
shoots;    it   sometimes   attacks  the  apple,  and   strawberry 
roots. 

Remedy. — Burn  the  infested  twigs. 

PEACH-LOUSE  or  APHIS  (Myzus  persica,  Sulzer). — A  small  in- 
sect feeding  upon  the  young  leaves,  causing  them  to  curl 
and  die. 

Remedies. — Kerosene   emulsion.      Soap  and   soda  wash. 
Soap  water.     Soap  and  arsenites. 
PLUM  CURCULIO. — See  under  Plum. 

PEACH-TREE  BORER  (sEgeria  exitiosa,  Say). — A  whitish  -larva, 
about  three-fourths  inch  long  when  mature,  boring  into 
the  crown  and  upper  roots  of  the  peach,  causing  gum  to 
exude. 

Preventive. — Make  a  mound  abont  the  tree  ;n  early  sum- 
mer, a  foot  high,  and  remove  it  '"n  September;  the  moth 
then  lays  her  eggs  about  the  top  of  the  mound,  and  the 
tender  larvae  are  killed  by  exposure  to  the  weather.  A  coat 
of  asbestos  roofing  applied  about  the  base  of  the  tree  is 
recommended  as  a  preventive.  Apply  washes  as  for 


32  1 he  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Peach  (Peach-tree  Borer),  continued. 

apple-tree  borers.     All  preventives  are  unsatisfactory  how- 
ever, and  the  only  safety  is — 

Remedy. — Dig  out  the  borers  in  late  fall  and  early  spring. 
RED-LEGGED  FLEA-BEETLE  (Haltica  nifipes}. — A  flea-beetle 
feeding  on  the  leaves  of  peach  trees,  often  in  great  num- 
bers. 

Remedies. — The  insects  fall  at  once  upon  being  jarred, 
and  sheets  saturated  with  kerosene  may  be  used  upon  which 
to  catch  them.     Spray  with  Paris  green. 
ROOT-KNOT. — See  Root-knot. 
ROSE  BEETLE.— See  under  Rose  and  Apple. 
Pear.     APPLE-TREE  BORER.     See  under  Apple. 
BUD  MOTH. — See  under  Apple. 
CODLIN  MOTH. — See  under  Apple. 
FLAT-HEADED  BORER. — See  under  Apple. 
PEAR-TREE  BORER  (Algeria  pyri,  Harris). — A  small  whitish 
larva,  feeding  under  the  bark  of  the  pear  tree. 

Remedy. — Same  as  for  round-headed  apple-tree  borer. 
PEAR-TWIG  BEETLE  (Xyleborus  pyri,  Peck). — Brownish  or 
black  beetle,  one-tenth  inch  long,  boring  in  twigs,  produc 
ing  effect  much  like  pear-blight,  and  hence  often  known  as 
"pear-blight  beetle."  it  escapes  from  a  minute  perfora- 
tion at  base  of  a  bud ;  probably  two  broods. 

Remedy. — Burn  twigs  before  the  beetle  escapes. 
ROSE  BEETLE. — See  under  Rose  and  Apple. 
ROUND-HEADED  BORER.     See  under  Apple. 
SLUG. — See  under  Cherry. 

TWIG-GIRDLER  (Oncidei'es  cingulatus,  Say.). — A  brownish  gray 
beetle,  about  one-half  inch  long,  which  girdles  twigs  in 
August  and  September.  The  female  lays  eggs  above  the 
girdle.  The  twigs  soon  fall. 

Remedy. — Burn   the   twigs,   either   cutting   them   off    or 
gathering  them  when  they  fall. 
TWIG-PRUNER. — See  under  Apple. 
Persimmon.     TWIG-GIRDLER.     See  under  Pear. 


Injurious  Insects. 


Pineapple.  KATYDID  (Acanthacara  similis}.  —  A  large  katy- 
did which  attacks,  among  other  plants,  the  leaves  of  the 
pineapple. 

Remedies.  —  Arsenites,  before  the  plants  are  mature. 
Plant  -lice.     See  Aphides. 
Plum.     BUD  MOTH.     See  under  Apple. 
CANKER-WORM.  —  See  under  Apple. 

CURCULIO  (Conotrachelus  nenuphar,  Herbst.).  —  Larva,  a  whit- 
ish grub,  feeding  in  the  fruit. 

Remedies.  —  Arsenites,  applied  as  soon  as  the  calyx  falls 
and  repeat  two  or  three  times  at  intervals  of  about  ten 
days.     Plaster  and    carbolic    acid    mixture.     Jarring   the 
beetles  on   sheets  very  early  in   the  morning,   beginning 
when  trees  are  in  flower  and  continuing  from  four  to  six 
weeks.     Catching  beetles  under  chips  or  blocks  about  base 
of  tree,  the  insects  being  taken  very  early  in  the  morning. 
FLAT-HEADED  BORER.  —  See  under  Apple. 
PEAR-TWIG  BEETLE.  —  See  under  Pear. 

PLUM-GOUGER  {Coccotoris  scutellatis,  Sec.).  —  A  small  larva, 
feeding  upon  the  kernel  of  the'  plum.  The  beetle  bores  a 
round  hole  in  the  plum,  instead  of  making  a  crescent  mark 
like  the  curculio. 

Remedy.  —  Same  as  for  curculio. 
TWIG-PRUNERS.  —  See  under  Apple. 
SLUG.  —  See  under  Cherry. 

Poplar.  COTTONWOOD  LEAF-BEETLE  (Lina  scripta^  Riley). 
—  A  striped  beetle  feeding  on  the  leaves  and  shoots  of 
poplars  and  willows. 

Remedy.  —  Arsenites. 
WILLOW-WORM.  —  See  under  Willow. 

Potato.  COLORADO  POTATO-BEETLE  (Doryphora  decem- 
lineata,  Say).  —  Beetle  and  larva  feed  upon  the  leaves. 

Remedies.  —  Arsenites.     Hand-picking  the  beetle. 
MOLE  CRICKET  (Gryllotolpa  borealis,  Burm.).  —  Mature  insect, 
curiously  formed,  whitish,  feeding  on  tubers  in  low  and 
mucky  ground. 

Preventive.  —  Plant  potatoes  on  upland. 
R—  3 


34  The  Horticulturist* s  Rule- Book. 

Privet  or  Prim.  PRIVET  WEB -WORM  (Margarodes  quadri- 
stigmalis,  Gn.). — Small  larva  feeding  in  webs  on  the  young 
shoots  of  the  privet,  appearing  early  in  the  season  ;  two 
to  four  broods. 

Remedies. — Trim  the  hedge  as  soon  as  the  worms  appear 
and  burn  the  trimmings.     Attract  the  moths  at  night  by 
lights.     Probably  the  arsenites  will  prove  useful. 
Quince.     ROUND-HEADED  BORERS.     See  under  Apples. 

SLUG.     See  under  Cherry. 

Radish.  MAGGOT  (Anthomyia  raphani^  Harris). — Indis- 
tinguishable from  the  cabbage  maggot,  which  see.  Sow- 
ing copperas  upon  the  soil  before  planting  is  sometimes 
adopted  as  a  preventive  of  attack. 

Raspberry.  CANE-BORER  (Oberea  bimaculata,  Oliv.). — 
Beetle,  black,  small  and  slim  ;  making  two  girdles  about 
an  inch  apart  near  the  tip  of  the  cane,  in  June,  and  laying 
an  egg  just  above  the  lower  girdle  ;  the  larva,  attaining 
the  length  of  nearly  an  inch,  bores  down  the  cane.  Also 
in  the  blackberry. 

Remedy. — As  soon  as  the  tip  of  the  cane  wilts,  cut  it  off 
at  the  lower  girdle  and  burn  it. 

RASPBERRY  ROOT-BORER  (Bembecia  marginata,  Harris). — 
Larva  about  one  inch  long,  boring  in  the  roots,  and  the 
lower  parts  of  the  cane,  remaining  in  the  root  over  winter. 

Remedy. — Dig  out  the  borers. 

RASPBERRY  SAW-FLY  (Selandria  rubi,  Harris). — Larva  about 
three-fourths  inch  long,  green,  feeding  upon  the  leaves. 

Remedy. — Hellebore. 

ROOT  GALL-FLY  (Rhodites  radicum,  Sacken). — A  small  larva 
which  produces  galls,  sometimes  attaining  two  inches  in 
diameter,  on  the  roots  of  the  raspberry,  blackberry  and 
rose,  causing  the  bush  to  appear  sickly,  and  eventually 
killing  it. 

Remedy, — There  is  no  remedy  except  to  destroy  the  galls  ; 
if  plants  are  badly  affected  they  must  be  dug  up,  and 
burned. 


Injurious  Insects.  35 

Raspberry,  continued. 

SNOWY  OR  TREE  CRICKET  (CEcanthtis  niveus,  Serv.). — Small 
and  whitish  cricket-like  insect,  puncturing  canes  for  two 
or  three  inches,  and  depositing  eggs  in  the  punctures. 

Remedy. — Burn  infested  canes  in  winter  or  very  early 
spring. 

Red  Spider  (Tetranychus  telarius,  Linn). — A  small  red 
mite  infesting  many  plants,  both  in  the  greenhouse  and  out 
of  doors.  It  nourishes  in  dry  atmospheres,  and  on  the 
under  side  of  the  leaves. 

Remedies. — Persistent  syringing  with  water  will  destroy 
them,  if  the  spray  is  applied  to  the  under  surface.  Fumes 
of  sulphur.  Sulphide  of  soda  wash. 

Root-Knot.  A  disease  characterized  by  the  knotting  and 
contortion  of  the  roots  of  the  peach,  orange  and  many 
other  plants.  It  is  usually  most  destructive  on  the  peach. 
It  is  caused  by  a  nematode,  or  true  worm.  Gulf  States. 

Preventives. — Plant  non-infested  trees  in  fresh  soil ; 
bud  into  healthy  stocks.  Fertilize  highly,  particularly 
with  potassio  fertilizers.  Set  the  trees  eight  or  ten  inches 
deep  in  high  and  dry  soils.  Infested  sYnall  trees  may  be 
remedied,  in  part  at  least,  by  transplanting  them  into 
highly-manured  holes  which  have  been  prepared  contig- 
uous to  them. 
Rose.  ROOT  GALL-FLY.  See  under  Raspberry. 

MEALY-BUG.  On  roses,  a  gill  of  kerosene  oil  to  a  gallon  of 
water  is  a  good  remedy.  Syringe  the  plants  in  the  morn- 
ing, and  a  couple  hours  later  syringe  again  with  clean 
water.  See  also  under  Mealy-bug. 

ROSE  BEETLE,  ROSE  CHAFER  or  "  ROSE-BUG"  (Macrodactylus 
subspinosus,  Fabr.). — Beetle  three-fourths  inch  long,  light 
brown,  feeding  upon  the  leaves,  blossoms  and  fruit. 

Remedies. — Hand-picking.  Knocking  off  on  sheet  early 
in  morning.  Pyrethrum.  Eau  celeste.  It  is  said  to  pre- 
fer Clinton  grapes  to  most  other  plants,  and  it  has  been 
suggested  that  these  vines  be  planted  as  a  decoy.  Open 


36  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Kose  (Rose  Beetle),  continued. 

vials  of  bisulphide  of  carbon   hung  in  bushes   and   vines 
are  recommended  by  some. 

ROSE-LEAF  HOPPER  (Tettigonia  rosa}. — Hopper,  very  small, 
white,  often  mistaken  for  thrips  ;  lives  on  the  leaves  of 
roses.  Various  stages  of  growth  may  be  found  in  the 
leaves  throughout  the  summer,  and  even  on  indoor  plants. 
Remedies. — Whale  oil  soap.  Kerosene.  Nicotyl  vapor 
Infusien  of  tobacco.  Kerosene  and  water  emulsion.  Py- 
rethrum.  The  insect  is  easily  destroyed  when  in  its  im- 
mature state. 

ROSE  SLUG  (Selandria  rostc,  Harris). — Larva,  one-half  inch 
Ibng,  dull  and  slimy,  feeding  upon  the  leaves. 

Remedy. — Kerosene  emulsion. 

Scale. — Various  small  scale-like  insects  infesting  the  young 
branches  and  leaves  of  many  kinds  of  trees.  The  orange 
tree  scale  is  one  of  the  worst.  (See  under  Orange.) 

Remedies. — Kerosene  emulsion.  Lye  wash.  Lye  and 
sulphur  wash.  Pyrethrum  decoction.  Resin  soap.  Oil 
and  alkali  wash.  Salt  and  lime  wash.  Resin  and  fish-oil 
soap.  Sulphide  of  soda  wash. 

Smoke-tree.     JUMPING  SUMAC  BEETLE.    See  under  Sumac. 

Squash.     BUG  (Anasa  tristis,  De  Geer). — Bugs,  black,  very 

offensive  odor  when  handled  or  crushed  ;  many  broods. 

Remedies. — Plaster  and  kerosene.  Hand-picking.  Trap- 
ping, by  laying  blocks  about  the  hills  under  which  the 
bugs  will  collect  after  feeding  in  the  night ;  early  in  the 
morning  jar  or  brush  the  insects  into  a  pail  of  kerosene. 
A  mild  kerosene  emulsion  kills  the  young  insects. 
MELON-WORM. — See  under  Melon. 

SQUASH-VINE  ROOT-BORER  (sEgeria  cucurbit  a,  Harris). — 
Larva,  about  one  inch  long,  whitish,  boring  into  the  roots, 
causing  the  vines  to  perish. 

Remedy. — Bank  up  the  young  vines  as  far  as  the  blos- 
soms. Cover  some  of  the  joints  of  the  vine,  that  roots 
may  form  to  sustain  the  plants,  in  case  of  injury. 


Injurious  Insects.  37 

Squash,  continued. 

SPOTTED  CUCUMBER  BEETLE. — See  under  Cucumber. 
STRIPED  CUCUMBER  BEETLE. — See  under  Cucumber. 
Strawberry.     GRUB    or  .MAY-BEETLE.     See   under  May- 
beetle. 

STRAWBERRY  LEAF-ROLLER  (Phoxopteris  comptana,  Frol.). — 
Larva,  less  than  one-half  inch  long,  feeding  on  the  leaves, 
and  rolling  them  up  in  threads  of  silk  ;  two  broods. 

Remedies. — In  first  stage  of  attack  apply  hellebore 
Burn  the  leaf-cases. 

STRAWBERRY  ROOT-LOUSE  (Aphis  Forbesii,  Weed). — From 
July  to  the  close  of  the  season  the  lice  appear  in  great 
numbers  on  the  crowns  and  in  the  roots  of  the  plants. 

Remedies. — Rotation  in  planting.  Disinfect  plants  com- 
ing from  infested  patches  by  dipping  the  crowns  and  roots 
in  kerosene  emulsion. 

STRAWBERY  ROOT-BORER  (Anarsia  lineatella,  Zeller). — Larva, 
about  one-half  inch  long,  whitish,  boring  into  the  crown 
of  the  plant  late  in  the  season  and  remaining  in  it  over 
winter. 

Remedy. — Burn  the  plant. 

STRAWBERRY  SAW-FLY  (Emphytus  maculatus,  Norton). — 
Larva,  nearly  three-fourths  inch  long,  greenish,  feeding 
upon  the  leaves  ;  two  broods. 

Remedy. — Hellebore.     Arsenites  for  second  brood. 
WEEVIL  {Anthonomus  musculus,  Say). — Beetle,  one-tenth  inch 
long,  reddish,  feeding  on  young  fruit. 

Remedies. — Plaster  and  crude  carbolic  acid  mixture, 
Sumac.     APPLE-TREE  BORER.     See  under  Apple. 

JUMPING  SUMAC  BEETLE  (Blepharida  rhois,  Forst.). — Larva, 
half  inch  long,  dull  greenish-yellow,  feeding  on  leaves; 
two  broods. 

Remedy.  — Arsenites. 

Sweet  Potato.  SAW-FLY  (Schizocerus  ebenus,  Norton). — 
Small  larva  about  one-fourth  inch  long,  working  upon  the 
leaves.  The  fly  is  about  the  size  of  a  house-fly. 

Remedies. — Hellebore  and  pyrethrum  are  to  be  recom- 
mended; also  arsenites. 


38  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Tomato.  FRUIT- WORM  (Heliothis  armiger.  Hub.). — Larva, 
one  inch  in  length,  pale  green  or  dark  brown,  faintly 
striped,  feeding  upon  the  fruit.  Also  on  corn  and  cotton. 

Remedies:—  Hand-picking.      White  hellebore. 
TOMATO  RINGER  (Stictocephala  festina,  Say). — A  leaf-hopper 
which  injures  the  stem  of  the  young  tomato  plant  by  punc- 
turing it  in  a  ring.      Southward. 

No  remedy  is  known. 

TOMATO-WORM  (Macrosila  quinquemaculata,  Haw.). — A  very 
large  green  worm  feeding  upon  the  stems  and  leaves  of 
the  tomato  and  husk  tomato. 

Remedy. — Hand-picking. 
Turnip.     MAGGOT.     See  under  Cabbage. 
Weigelia.    FOUR-STRIPED  PLANT-BUG.    See  under  Currant. 
White   ants,    or    Termites. — These    insects   often    infest 
orchard    trees    in    the    Southern    states,    particularly   in 
orchards  which  contain  old  stumps  or  rubbish. 

Remedy. — The  soap  and  arsenites  wash  brushed  over  the 
trunk  and  branches  of  the  trees. 

Willow.  WILLOW-WORM  (  Vencssa  antiopa,  Linn.). — Larva, 
nearly  two  inches  long,  black,  feeding  upon  leaves  of  wil- 
low, elm  and  poplar  ;  two  broods. 

Remedy. — Arsenites. 

Wire-worm  (Various  species}. —  Slim  and  brown  larvae, 
feeding  upon  the  roots  of  various  plants.  They  are  the 
larvae  of  the  click-beetle  or  snapping-beetle. 

Remedy. — Arsenites  sprinkled  upon  baits  of  fresh  clover 
or  other  material  which  is  placed  about  the  field  under 
blocks  or  boards.  Sweetened  corn-meal  dough  also  makes 
a  good  bait. 


CHAPTER   III. 


FUNGICIDES,  FOR  PLANT  DISEASES.    . 

Ammoniacal  carbonate  of  copper. — Into  a  vessel  having  a 
capacity  of  2  qts.  or  more  pour  i  qt.  of  ammonia 
(strength  22  degrees  Baume),  add  3  ozs.  carbonate  ot  cop- 
per. Stir  rapidly  for  a  moment  and  the  carbonate  of  coo- 
per will  dissolve  in  the  ammonia,  forming  a  very  clear 
liquid.  The  concentrated  liquid  thus  prepared  may  oe 
kept  indefinitely.  For  use,  dilute  to  22  gals.  For  grape 
mildew. 

Blight  powder,  Sulphated  sulphur.— Prepared  by  thor- 
oughly mixing  from  3  to  8  Ibs.  of  anhydrous  sulphate  of 
copper  with  90  to  100  Ibs.  of  flowers  of  sulphur.  For 
simultaneous  treatment  of  downy  mildew,  tomato  and 
potato  blight  and  rot. 

Bordeaux  mixture  (Copper  mixture  oj  Gironde). — Dis- 
solve 6  Ibs.  of  sulphate  of  copper  in  16  gals,  of  water.  In 
another  vessel  slake  4  Ibs.  of  fresh  lime  in  6  gals  o* 
water.  When  the  latter  mixture  has  cooled  it  is  slowly 
poured  into  the  copper  solution,  care  being  taken  to  mix 
the  fluids  thoroughly  by  constant  stirring.  Prepare  some 
days  before  use.  Stir  before  applying.  Stronger  mixtures 
were  at  first  recommended,  but  they  are  not  now  used. 
For  downy  mildew  and  black-rot  of  the  grape,  blight  and 
rot  of  the  tomato  and  potato. 

Sometimes  the  mixture  is  not  was.hed  off  the  grapes  by 
the  rains.  In  this  case,  add  one  quart  of  strong  cider  vin- 
egar to  5  gals,  of  water,  and  dip  the  grapes,  allowing  them 

(39) 


40  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book- 

Bordeaux  mixture,  continued 

to  remain  a  few  minutes,  then  rinse  once  or  twice.     Dip 
the  grapes  by  placing  them  in  a  wire  basket. 
Carbolic  acid  (Phenic  acid]. — i.   J  pt.  in  10  gals,  of  water. 
For  powdery  mildew  of  the  vine. 

2.  Soap-suds,  10  gals. ;  glycerine,  i  Ib. ;  carbolic  acid,  l/2 
pt.  Mix  thoroughly,  to  form  an  emulsion.  For  orange- 
leaf  scab. 

Chloride  of  iron. — A  very  dilute  solution  of  chloride  of 
iron  has  been  used  with  success  in  combating  the  coffee 
disease  due  to  Hemileia  vastatrix.  The  solution  is  applied 
to  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  by  means  of  a  pulveri- 
zator  or  spraying  apparatus.  Its  sticky  nature  causes  it 
to  adhere  for  two  months.  It  is  suggestive  in  connection 
with  some  of  our  plant  diseases. 

David's  powder. — Dissolve  4  Ibs.  of  sulphate  of  copper 
in  the  least  possible  amount  of  hot  water,  and  slake  16  Ibs. 
of  lime  with  the  smallest  quantity  of  water  required. 
When  the  copper  solution  and  slaked  lime  are  completely 
cooled  mix  them  together  thoroughly  ;  let  the  compound 
dry  in  the  sun,  then  crush  and  sift.  Apply  with  a  sulphur- 
ing bellows  furnished  with  an  outside  receptacle  for  the 
powder.  For  downy  mildew  and  black-rot  of  the  grape, 
mildew  and  anthracnose. 

Destroying  affected  parts. — It  is  important  that  all  affected 
parts  should  be  removed  and  burned,  if  possible.  In  the 
fall  all  leaves  and  fruit  which  have  been  attacked  by  fungi 
should  be  raked  up  and  burned.  Diseased  branches 
should  be  severed  at  some  distance  below  the  lowest 
visible  point  of  attack.  Fungous  diseases  often  spread 
rapidly,  and  prompt  action  is  usually  necessary. 
Eau  celeste. — i  (Audoynaud  process].  Dissolve  i  Ib.  of  sul- 
phate of  copper  in  2  gals,  of  hot  water.  When  com- 
pletely dissolved  and  the  water  has  cooled,  add  i^  pts.  of 
commercial  ammonia  (strength  22  degrees  Baume).  When 
ready  to  use,  dilute  to  22  gals.  For  treatment  of  downy 


Fungicides,  for  Plant  Diseases.  41 

Eau  celeste,  continued. 

mildew  and  black-rot  of  the  grape,  anthracnose,  and  blight 
and  rot  of  the  tomato  and  potato. 

2.  Dissolve  i  Ib.  of  sulphate  of  copper  in  2  gals,  of 
water.  In  another  vessel  dissolve  i  Ib.  of  carbonate  of 
soda.  Mix  the  two  solutions.  When  chemical  reaction 
has  ceased,  add  il/2  pts.  of  ammonia,  then  dilute  to  22  gals. 
For  the  same  purpose  as  No.  i,  and  probably  better. 

Orison  liquid  (Eau  Grisori). — Prepared  by  boiling  3  Ibs. 
each  of  flowers  of  sulphur  and  lime  in  6  gals,  of  water 
until  reduced  to  two  gallons  When  settled,  pour  off  the 
clear  liquid  and  bottle  it.  When  used,  mix  i  pt.  of  clear 
liquid  in  100  parts  of  water.  For  mildew  and  pow- 
dery mildew  of  vines. 

Milk  of  lime. — Simple  solution  in  water,  2  to  6  parts  lime 
to  100  parts  water.  For  mildew  and  anthracnose. 

Podeschard's  powder. — Dissolve  45  Ibs.  of  sulphate  of 
copper  in  water.  When  thoroughly  dissolved,  pour  the 
solution  upon  225  Ibs.  of  air-slaked  lime,  which  is  sur- 
rounded by  30  Ibs.  of  ashes  to  keep  the  liquid  from  spread- 
ing. After  24  hours,  add  20  pounds  of  flowers  of  sul- 
phur. Thoroughly  mix  the  compound,  ashes  and  all. 
When  dry  sift  through  a  sieve  with  meshes  of  one-eighth 
inch.  Will  keep  for  months.  For  downy  mildew,  mil- 
dew and  anthracnose. 

Potassium  sulphide. — Used  at  the  rate  of  J  or  \  oz.  to 
the  gal.  of  water. 

Skawinski's  powder. — Mix  22  Ibs.  of  finely  powdered 
sulphate  of  copper  with  33  Ibs.  of  soot  or  alluvial  earth 
and  165  Ibs.  of  coal  dust.  For  treatment  of  mildews. 

Skawinski's  sulphate  of  iron  and  sulphuric  acid  solution. — 
Sulphate  of  iron,  no  Ibs.;  sulphuric  acid  (53  degrees),  ij^ 
pts. ;  .warm  water,  22  gals.  Pour  sulphuric  acid  on  the 
crystals  of  iron,  then  add  the  water.  Use  while  warm. 


42  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule-Book. 

Soda  hyposulphite. — i.  \  oz.  to  10  gals,  of  water.  For 
gooseberry  mildew  and  apple  scab. 

2.  i  Ib.  in  10  gals,  of  water.  For  celery-leaf  blight, 
orange-leaf  blight,  apple  scab.  Should  be  used  as  soon  as 
prepared.  Probably  too  strong. 

Sulfosteatite  or  Cuprique  steatite. — An  exceedingly  fine 
bluish  powder  composed  of  steatite,  or  talc,  and  about 
10  per  cent,  of  sulphate  of  copper.  Considered  the  most 
adherent  of  all  fungicide  powders.  For  mildews. 

Sulphate  of  copper. —  i.  Dissolve  i  Ib.  of  pure  sulphate  of 
copper  in  '25  gals,  of  water.  For  treatment  of  downy 
mildew  and  black-rot  of  the  grape.  Dilute  it  a  little  for 
young  foliage. 

2.  Dissolve  5  to  8  Ibs.  in  10  gals,  of  water.  For  soaking 
grains  previous  to  sowing  to  destroy  spores  of  smuts.  The 
Germans  use  a  y2  per  cent,  solution,  and  soak  the  grains 
for  about  16  hours. 

Sulphate  of  iron. — i.  Simple  solution  in  water  of  4  to  8 
Ibs.  to  the  gal.  To  be  used  only  as  a  wash.  For  anthrac- 
nose  of  vine  and  raspberry. 

2.   For  a  spray,  dissolve  about  ij/f  Ib.  to  the  gal. 

Sulphatine,  the  Esteve  process. — Mix  2  Ibs.  of  anhydrous 
sulphate  of  copper  with  20  Ibs.  of  flowers  of  sulphur  and 
2  Ibs.  of  air-slaked  lime.  For  mildew,  downy  mildew  and 
black-rot  of  grape,  tomato  and  potato  blight  and  rot. 

Sulphide,  or  sulphuret,  of  potassium  (Liver  of  sulphur). — 
Simple  solution  in  water  of '  ^  to  i  oz.  to  the  gal.  For 
mildew  in  greenhouses,  mildew  on  roses,  erinose  of  vine, 
orange-leaf  scab,  celery-leaf  blight,  pear  and  apple  scab 
and  various  rots. 

Sulphide  of  soda  wash  (HilgarcFs). — Dissolve  30  Ibs.  of 
whale-oil  soap  in  60  gals,  of  water  by  heating  the  two  to- 
gether thoroughly.  Then  boil  3  Ibs.  of  American  concen- 
trated lye  with  6  Ibs.  of  sulphur  and  2  gals,  of  water. 
When  thoroughly  dissolved  it  is  a  dark  brown  liquid, 


Fungicides,  for  Plant  Diseases.  43 

Snlphide  of  soda  wash,  continued. 

chemically  called  sulphide  of  soda.  Mix  the  two — the 
soap  and  the  sulphur — well,  and  allow  them  to  boil  for 
half  an  hour,  then  add  90  gals,  of  water  to  the  mixture, 
and  it  is  ready  for  use.  Apply  it  warm  by  means  of  a 
spray  pump.  Used  warm,  its  effect  is  better  and  less  ma- 
terial is  required  than  when  cold.  For  apple  scab. 
Sulphur. — In  its  dry  and  pulverized  state,  sulphur,  known 
as  flowers  of  sulphur,  is  often  a  valuable  fungicide,  particu- 
larly for  surface  mildew.  In  the  greenhouse  it  may  also  be 
used  in  fumes.  Evaporate  it  over  a  steady  heat,  as  an  oil 
stove,  until  the  house  is  filled  with  the  vapor.  It  should 
never  be  heated  to  the  burning  point,  as  burning  sulphur 
quickly  destroys  most  plants.  It  may  also  be  used  in 
water,  in  the  proportion  of  an  oz.  of  sulphur  to  5  gals,  of 
water. 

Sulphur  and  lime. — A  mixture  of  sulphur  and  lime  in 
equal  parts  by  weight.  For  anthracnose  during  growing 
season. 

Some  fungicides  may  be  added  to  London  purple  or  Paris 
green  mixtures,  and  both  plant  diseases  and  insects  may  be 
fought  with  one  application.  An  ounce  of  the  arsenites  to  ten 
gallons  of  Bordeaux  mixture  is  recommended  for  potatoes.  The 
arsenites  may  be  combined  with  soda  hyposulphite,  and  other 
compounds 


CHAPTER  IV. 

PLANT  DISEASES, 

WITH    PREVENTIVES    AND    REMEDIES. 

Apple.  BITTER-ROT  (Glceosporium  fructigenum,  Berk.). — 
A  dry  rot  appearing  in  patches  on  many  varieties  of  ap- 
ples, and  extending  some  distance  into  the  tissue. 

No  remedies  or  preventives  are  known. 
BROWN-ROT. — See  under  Cherry. 

POWDERY  MILDEW  (Podosphcera  oxycanthcz,  DeBary). — At- 
tacks nursery  stocks,  covering  leaves  with  a  grayish  and 
powdery  meal-like  mildew. 

Remedy. — Ammoniacal  carbonate  of  copper,  applied  four 
or  five  times. 

RUST  (species  of  Rcestelia}. — Bright  yellow  rust  J appearing 
on  the  young  leaves  and  fruit,  causing  the  whole  tree  to 
become  enfeebled.  It  is  now  known  that  one  stage  of  this 
fungus  is  the  "cedar  apple"  which  grows  on  red  cedars 
and  junipers,  where  it  is  known  as  Gymnosporangium. 
Several  species  have  been  described. 

Preventive. — Destroy  the  cedars  or  keep  them  free  from 
the  "apples."  Destroy  hawthorns  and  escaped  apples, 
which  are  liable  to  be  infested.  Some  varieties  of  apples 
appear  to  be  more  susceptible  to  injury  than  others. 
SCAB  {Fusicladiuni  dentriticum,  Fckl.). — Brown  or  blackish 
scab-like  spots  on  the  leaves  and  fruit,  arresting  growth 
and  causing  the  parts  to  become  distorted. 

Remedy. — Spray    with  soda  hyposulphite  or   potassium 
sulphide,  several  times  during  June  and  July.     Sulphide 
of  soda  wash. 
Apricot.     LEAF- RUST.     See  under  Plum. 

(44) 


Plant  Diseases. 


45 


Balm  of  Gilead.     LEAF- RUST.      See  under  Poplar. 

Bean.  ANTHRACNOSE,  or  POD-RUST  (Glasosporium  Linde- 
niuthiaimm,  Sacc.  and  Magn.). — Reddish-brown  scab-like 
spots  appearing  upon  bean  pods,  particularity  upon  the 
yellow-podded  string  beans.  It  also  attacks  water- 
melons. 

Preventive. — Plant  in  dry  and  airy  places,  on  light  soil. 
Remedy. — Sulphur  and  water. 

Bean,  Lima.  BLIGHT  (Phytophthora  Phaseoli,  Thaxter). — 
Attacks  the  pods  in  August  and  September,  covering  them 
with  a  white,  felted  coating.  It  also  attacks  the  young 
shoots  and  leaves. 

Remedy. — Remedies  are  not  yet  known,  but  the  Bordeaux 
mixture  should  be  tried. 

Beet.  RUST  {Uromyces  beta,  Pers.). — Powdery  reddish- 
brown  spots  on  the  leaves  of  beets  in  California,  often 
doing  much  injury. 

Remedy. — Burn  the  infested  leaves. 

Blackberry.     CANE- RUST.     See  under  Raspberry. 
RED  OR  ORANGE  RUST.      See  under  Raspberry. 

Buttonwood.     LEAF-SCORCHING.     See   under    Plane-tree. 

Cabbage.  CLUB -ROOT  or  CLUB-FOOT  (Plasmidiophora 
brassicte%  Woronin). — A  cortorted  swelling  of  the  root  of 
the  cabbage  in  the  field,  preventing  the  plant  from  heading 
and  causing  it  to  assume  a  sickly  appearance. 

Remedies. — Burn  the  roots  as  soon  as  the  disease  ap- 
pears. Alternate  crops.  It  is  thought  that  stable  ma- 
nures aggravate  the  disease. 

Carnation.  RUST  (Septora  Dianthi,  Desm.). — Attacks  the 
leaves  in  large,  light  brown  spots,  or  occasionally  the 
whole  leaf  becomes  discolored  and  wilts.  Probably  in- 
troduced from  Europe. 

Preventives. — If  the  disease  is  feared,  be  careful  not  to 
apply  water  to  the  leaves.  Eau  celeste  sprayed  upon  the 
plants  will  no  doubt  be  beneficial  as  a  preventive.  Burn 
all  infested  leaves. 


46  The  Horticulturist '  s  Rule- Book. 

Celery.      CELERY-LEAF    BLIGHT,    RUST,    OK     SUN-SCALD 

(Cercospora  Apii,  Fries).  Appears  in  hot  and  dry  places 
and  seasons,  about  mid-summer.  Small  yellowish  spots 
appear  upon  the  leaves,  and  later  the  leaves  turn  yellow, 
then  brown,  and  finally  die. 

Preventive. — Plant  in  a  moist  and  cool  place,  and  shade 
the  plants  if  necessary.  Destroy  all  diseased  leaves  in 
autumn. 

Cherry.  BROWN-ROT  (Monilia  fructigena,  Pers.). — At- 
tacks flowers,  leaves  and  fruit.  The  flowers  die  and  de- 
cay, the  leaves  become  discolored  with  brownish  patches 
and  the  fruit  rots  on  the  tree.  Attacks  also  peaches, 
'  plums  and  apples. 

Remedies. — Burn  all  infested  fruit  and  leaves  in  the  fall. 
Before  buds  expand  in  spring  spray  with  sulphate  of  iron 
When  the  flowers  are  opening,   spray  again  with  sulphide 
potassium,  and  repeat  the  operation  at  intervals  of  a  week 
or  two  until  the  fruit  begins  to  color. 
LEAF-RUST.     See  under  Plum. 
POWDERY  MILDEW.     See  under  Apple. 

Corn.  ROT.  Due  to  bacteria.  The  plants  are  dwarfed, 
and  unusually  slender.  The  roots  become  mucilaginous 
and  decay,  as  do  the  leaf-sheaths  and  the  ears. 

No  remedies  or  preventives  are  known 

SMUT.     ( Ustilago  Zea-Mays,   DeC.). — A  fungus  attacking  the 
ears  of  corn,  producing  familiar  black  abnormal  growths. 
Preventive. — Plant  seed  from  clean  fields. 
Remedies. — Cut  out  smut  and  burn  it.     Soak  seed  before 
planting  in  sulphate  of  copper. 
Cottonwood.     LEAF- RUST.     See  under  Poplar. 
Currant.     RUST  (Septoria  Ribis,   Desm.). — Appears  about 
mid-summer,  on  leaves  of  white,  red  and  black  currants, 
as  whitish  spots  with  black  centers.     It  causes  the  leaves 
to  fall. 

Remedies. — Destroy  infested  leaves.  Spraying  with 
eau  celeste  or  Bordeaux  mixture  may  be  tried. 


Plant  Diseases.  47 

Gooseberry.     MILDEW  (Sphosrotheca  Mors-uvce,  B.  &  C.). 

A  downy  mildew  attacking  the  fruits  and  young  growth  of 
English  varieties  of  gooseberries  (varieties  of  Ribes 
Grossularia}. 

Remedy. — Spray  at  intervals  during  the  season  with 
potassium  sulphide. 

Grape.  ANTHRACNOSE  or  SCAB  (Sphaceloma  ampelinum, 
DeBary). — The  fungus  attacks  the  leaves  in  small  spots, 
and  also  the  fruit,  where  it  forms  hard  and  sunken  brown 
or  black  large  scab-like  patches.  General  in  distribution 
east  of  the  Mississippi.  Probably  introduced  from 
Europe. 

Remedies. — Sulphur  fungicides,  as  sulphur,  sulphate  of 
iron,  eau  celeste.  Repeat  application  frequently  and  begin 
before  the  leaves  appear. 

BLACK-ROT  (Lcestadia  Bidwcllii,  V.  &  R. ;  Phoma  uvicola,  B. 
&  C.). — Attacks  the  young  berries.  The  fruit  becomes 
black,  hard,  dry,  and  shrivelled  and  is  covered  with  min- 
ute pimples.  Occurs  generally  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. Of  American  origin. 

Preventive. — A  board  placed  over  the  trellis,  as  men- 
tioned under  the  downy  mildew,  is  some  protection ;  but 
the  remedy  is  certain  : 

Remedies. — Spray  thoroughly  with  Bordeaux  mixture 
every  week  or  ten  days  for  six  weeks  or  more,  beginning 
before  the  flowers  open.  Sulphate  of  copper  may  be  used 
also.  Burn  inf«sted  fruits  in  autumn. 

NOTE. — The  following  are  synonyms  for  Black-rot : 
Sphceria  Bidwellii,  Physalospora  Bidwellii,  Phoma  uvicola, 
Phoma  uvicola,  var.  Labruscce,  Sph&ropsis  uvarum,  Phoma 
uvarum,  Nemaspora  cempelicida,  Phyllosticta  Labruscce  ( ' '  the 
leaf-spot"  form),  Phyllosticta  viticola,  Phoma  ustulatum. 
Phyllosticla  ampelopsidis,  Sacidium  viticolum,  Septoria 
viticola,  Ascochyta  Ellissii. 

DOWNY  MILDEW  (Peronospora  viticola,   De  Bary). — Appears 
in   small    frost-like  patches  on  the  under  surface  of  the 


48  The  Horticulturist's  Rule-Book. 

Grape  (Downy  Mildew),  continued. 

leaves,  finally  causing  yellowish  discoloration  on  the  upper 
surface.  It  also  causes  a  rot  of  the  fruit.  The  berries 
remain  small  and  firm,  usually  not  wrinkled,  and  become 
brown  in  color.  The  disease  is  worst  on  thin  and  smooth 
leaved  varieties,  as  the  Delaware  and  others.  It  extends 
generally  throughout  the  Union.  Of  American  origin. 

Preventive.  — A  wide  board  nailed  flatwise  on  the  top  of 
the  trellises  so  as  to  somewhat  protect  the  vines,  as  with  a 
roof,  is  a  considerable  protection,  as  it  tends  to  keep  the 
vines  dry.  Vines  trained  against  a  building  rarely  suffer. 

Remedies. — Spray  with  Bordeaux  mixture  every  week  or 
ten  days  from  the  time  the  leaves  appear  until  late  in  July. 
Eau  celeste  may  be  used. 

POWDERY  MILDEW  (Uncinula  spiralis,  B.  &  C.). — Appears 
early  in  the  season  as  delicate  dust-like  patches  or 
covering  on  the  leaves,  mostly  on  the  upper  surface,  and 
on  shoots  and  fruits.  Berries  attacked  by  it  become 
checked  in  growth,  and  may  remain  small  and  die,  or 
they  sometimes  grow  and  crack  before  death  ensues. 
It  attacks  grapes  in  vineries  which  are  not  properly  venti- 
lated and  managed.  Occurs  generally  throughout  the 
Union,  but  is  less  destructive  than  the  downy  mildew 
American  origin. 

Remedy. — Dry  sulphur  applied  to  the  vines,  two  or 
three  times — once  when  the  shoots  just  begin  to  push 
again  when  in  blossom,  and  usually  again  shortly  before 
the  grapes  begin  to  turn.  Apply  :n  warm  and  bright 
weather,  after  the  dew  is  off.  In  vineries,  the  sulphur 
may  be  scattered  on  the  hot  pipes. 

Hollyhock.  RUST  {Puccinia  Malvacearum,  Mont.). — Ap- 
pears upon  leaves  of  hollyhocks  and  a  few  related  plants 
in  small,  light  brown  patches.  Introduced  from  Europe, 
and  not  yet  common  in  this  country. 

Remedies. — Destroying    the   plants  is   the    only  general 
method  yet  known  to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  disease 
but  some  of  the  fungicides  should  be  tried. 


Plant  Diseases.  49 

Lettuce.  MILDEW  (Peronospora  gangliformis,  De  Bary). 
A  delicate  mildew,  attacking  lettuce  leaves  and  causing 
yellow  or  brown  spots,  and  finally  killing  the  leaf. 

Preventives. — (According  to  Maynard.)  Grow  at  a  low 
temperature  (35°  to  40°  at  night,  50°  to  70°  during  day);  give 
abundance  of  plant  food ;  give  abundance  of  water,  but 
apply  it  in  morning  and  bright  days  only  ;  avoid  sudden 
extreme  changes  of  temperature. 
Remedy. — Fumes  of  sulphur. 

Maple.  LEAF-SPOT  (Phyllosticta  acericola,  C.  &  E.). — 
Attacks  the  leaves  of  red,  silver,  and  striped  maples  in 
spring,  causing  them  to  become  spotted  and  unsightly, 
and  lessening  the  vigor  of  the  tree. 

Remedies. — Rake  and  burn  the  leaves  in  autumn.  When 
the  leaves  are  two-thirds  grown  spray  with  sulphide  of 
potassium,  and  repeat  every  three  or  four  weeks  as  long 
as  necessary. 

Onion.  RUST  (Peronospora  Schleideniana,  Unger).  The 
leaves  turn  yellow  about  the  time  the  onions  begin  to  bot- 
tom, or  a  little  later,  and  wilt  and  die. 

Preventive. — There  is  no  remedy  known.  Exercise  care 
to  grow  on  land  not  infected,  and  destroy  all  affected 
onions. 

Orange.  ORANGE-LEAF  SCAB  (Cladosporium). — The  leaves 
become  yellow  and  distorted. 

Remedy. — Spray  with  Grison  liquid,  or  carbolic  acid  and 
glycerine  mixture. 

Peach.     BROWN -ROT.     See  under  Cherry. 

CURL,  LEAF-CURL  OR  "FRENCHING,"  (Taphrina  deformans, 
Tul. ;  written  also  Ascomyces  deformans  and  Exoascus  de- 
formans}.— The  leaves  become  blistered  and  crumpled  early 
in  the  season  and  fall  off. 

Remedy. — It  seldom  does  much  damage,  and  the  trees 
usually  renew  their  foliage  the  same  season.  Good  cult- 
ure, to  enable  the  tree  to  put  forth  new  leaves,  is  to  be 
recommended. 

R-4 


50  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule-Book. 

Peach,  continued. 

LEAF-RUST.     See  under  Plum, 

POWDERY  MILDEW.     See  under  Apple. 

YELLOWS. — The  first  symptom  in  bearing  trees  is  usually 
the  premature  ripening  of  the  fruit.  This  fruit  contains 
definite  small  red  spots  which  extend  to  the  pit.  The 
next  stage  is  indicated  by  very  slender  shoots,  which  branch 
the  first  year  and  which  start  in  clumps  from  the  old 
limbs,  bearing  narrow  and  small  yellowish  leaves.  Later 
the  entire  foliage  becomes  smaller  and  yellow.  In  three 
or  four  years  the  tree  dies.  The  disease  spreads  from 
tree  to  tree.  It  attacks  trees  of  any  age.  Known  at  pres- 
ent only  in  regions  east  of  the  Mississippi,  more  particu- 
larly in  the  north-eastern  states.  Peculiar  to  America, 
so  far  as  known. 

Preventive. — -Burn  all  trees  as  soon  as  the  disease  ap- 
pears. Laws  aiming  to  suppress  the  disease  should  be  en- 
acted in  all  peach-growing  states  where  it  has  appeared. 
Pear.  BLIGHT  (Micrococcus  amylovorus,  Burrill). — Dis- 
tinguished by  the  blackening  of  the  entire  leaf,  and  the 
blackening  of  the  bark.  It  may  destroy  branches  or  the 
whole  tree.  Generally  distributed  east  of  the  looth 
meridian.  Known  only  in  America. 

Remedy. — As  soon  as  the  disease  is  discovered,  cut  off 
the  affected  parts  a  foot  below  the  point  of  lowest  visible 
attack,  and  burn  them. 

LEAF-BLIGHT  and  CRACKING  OF  THE  FRUIT  (Entomosporium 
maculatum,  Lev.;  Morthiera  Mespili  is  the  same). — At- 
tacks nursery  stocks  of  pears,  beginning  as  small  and  cir- 
cular brown  spots  on  the  leaves  ;  soon  the  entire  leaf  turns 
brown  and  falls.  Also  causes  the  cracking  of  the  fruit. 
Remedy. — Bordeaux  mixture,  applied  four  or  five  times. 

ROOT- ROT  (Polyporus  versicolor,  Fries). — Attacks  the  roots, 
the  white  and  felt-like  threads  of  the  fungus  at  length  be- 
coming very  abundant  and  conspicuous.  The  trees  pro- 
duce a  short  and  thick  growth,  the  new  wood  being 


Plant  Diseases.  51 

Pear  (Root-rot),  continued. 

reddish,  the  leaves  becoming  yellowish  or  bronzed,  and 
there  is  an  unusual  tendency  to  form  fruit  buds.  The 
tree  may  die  quickly  or  may  live  for  several  years.  The 
roots  rot  away  and  the  tree  tips  over.  The  disease  is 
worst  on  poor  and  dry  soils  and  in  grassy  orchards. 

Remedy. — Give  good  culture.     Remove  the  earth  from 
the  crown  and  apply  a  dressing  of  lime. 

RUST. — See  under  Apple. 

SCAB  (Fusicladium  pyrinum,  Fckl.). — Brown  or  blackish 
scab-like  spots  on  the  leaves  and  fruit,  arresting  the 
growth  and  causing  the  parts  to  become  distorted. 

Remedy. — Spray    several    times   during    June  and  July 
with  soda  hyposulphite  or  potassium  sulphide. 
Plum.     BROWN-ROT.     See  under  Cherry. 

LEAF-RUST  (Puccinia  pruni-spinosce,  Pers.)  — Small  round 
powdery  spots  of  yellowish-brown  on  the  under  surface 
of  the  leaves,  and  reddish  spots  on  the  upper  surface 
directly  above  them. 

Remedy. — Spray   trees   early    in  the  season    with    Bor- 
deaux mixture,  eau  celeste,  or  other  fungicides. 

PLUM-KNOT  OR  PLUM-WART  (Plowrightia  [Sphceria\  morbosa, 
Sacc.). — A  black  and  irregular  swelling,  from  one  to  five 
or  six  inches  long,  appearing  on  the  small  limbs  of  plum 
and  cherry.  Peculiar  to  America. 

Remedies. — Burn  all  affected  parts.  Wash  the  parts  as 
soon  as  the  swelling  begins  to  appear,  with  linseed  oil,  ' 
turpentine,  or  kerosene,  using  the  two  latter  with  caution. 
A  paint  of  red  oxide  of  iron  in  linseed  oil  is  recommended. 
Probably  spraying  with  the  Bordeaux  or  similar  mixtures 
in  spring  will  prove  to  be  valuable  remedies. 

PLUM-LEAF  or  SHOT-HOLE  FUNGUS  (Septoria  cerasina, 
Peck). — Appears  as  spots  upon  the  leaves  in  July,  and 
these  spots  assume  definite  outlines,  and  often  fall  out, 
leaving  holes  like  shot-holes.  The  leaves  fall  early,  pre- 


52  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Plum  (Plum-leaf  or  Shot-hole  Fungus) ,  continued. 

venting  the  fruit  from  maturing.     The  disease  is  some- 
times designated  simply  "falling  of  the  leaves." 

Remedies. — Burn  leaves  as  soon  as  they  fall.  Try 
spraying  in  May  and  June  with  some  fungicide,  as  soda 
hyposulphite  or  Bordeaux  mixture. 

PLUM  POCKETS  or  BLADDERS  [Tap&rina  pruni,  Tul.). — 
Causes  the  fruit  to  become  inflated  and  hollow.  These 
"bladders"  begin  to  appear  soon  after  the  flowers  fall, 
and  continue  to  grow  for  several  months,  when  they  fall. 
They  are  at  first  globular,  but  finally  become  oblong, 
often  reaching  two  inches  in  length.  The  fungus  attacks 
the  fruit  of  the  Chickasaw  and  American  plums,  and  vari- 
ous species  of  plum  and  cherry. 

Remedy. — Destroy  the  "bladders"  before  they  mature, 
together  with  small  portions  of  the  wood  on  which  they 
are  borne. 

POWDERY  MILDEW.     See  under  Apple. 

Plane-tree.  LEAF- SCORCHING  (Gl<zosporium  nervisequum, 
Sacc.). — Attacks  the  leaves  in  spring,  causing  them  appear 
as  if  scorched.  They  finally  fall  off.  Attacks  both  the 
native  and  oriental  planes. 

Remedy. — Burn  all  leaves  when  they  fall. 
Poplar.     LEAF -RUST    (Melampsora  populina,    Lev.). — An 
orange  rust  attacking,  during  summer,  the  leaves  of  vari- 
ous species  of  poplar,  including  the  cottonwood,  balm  of 
Gilead,  etc, 

Remedy. — Rake  and  burn  the  leaves. 

Potato.  POTATO-ROT  or  BLIGHT  (Phytophthora  infestans, 
De  Bary). — The  spores  first  germinate  upon  the  tops  or 
vines,  causing  the  foliage  to  blight.  The  disease  soon 
spreads  to  the  tubers,  causing  discolored  and  depressed 
potatoes.  It  is  a  "dry  rot,"  but  other  fungi  attack 
the  tubers  and  cause  the  wet  rot  which  follows.  The 
fungus  may  remain  in  the  tuber  during  winter. 

Preventive. — Plant  on  light  or  loamy,  well-drained  soil. 
Plant  only  sound  and  disinfected  tubers.  Hill  deep. 


Plant  Diseases.  53 

Potato  (Potato-rot  or  Blight) ,  continued. 

Remedy. — Spray  the  tops  with  Bordeaux  mixture, or  othe: 
fungicide,  upon  the  first  indication  of  the  blight. 

The  tubers  should  be  stored  in  a  cool  and  dry  place 
Dusting  them  in  the  cellar  with  dry  air-slaked  lime  is  to  be 
recommended.  Subjecting  the  tubers  to  a  temperature  of 
105°  to  110°  for  a  few  days  will  destroy  the  fungus  and  will 
not  injure  the  tubers  for  planting. 

Quince.  LEAF-BROWNNESS  (Entomosporium  macula  turn, 
Lev.,  var.  Cydonia,  Sacc.). — The  leaves  become  spotted 
and  then  turn  yellow  and  fall,  often  causing  considerable 
damage.  No  remedies  are  known.  It  is  nearly  identical 
with  leaf-brownness  of  the  pear  (which  see). 

RUST. — See  under  Apple. 

Raspberry.  CANE- RUST  or  ANTHRACNOSE  (Glceosporium 
necator,  E.  &  E.). — The  spots  or  patches  of  fungus  appear 
on  both  the  canes  and  leaves.  The  disease  attacks  the 
base  of  the  canes  first  and  spread  upwards.  In  Illinois 
and  Missouri  it  has  been  very  destructive. 

Preventive. — Give  plants  an  abundance  of  light  and  air 
by  broad  planting  and  high  training. 

Remedy. — Spray  early  in  the  season  with  sulphate  of 
iron,  and  follow  later  with  Bordeaux  mixture.  Burn  all 
canes  which  are  past  recovery. 

RED  or  ORANGE  RUST  (C&oma  luminatum,  Link). — 
Attacks  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  of  black  and 
sometimes  red  raspberries,  and  of  blackberries,  in  patches 
of  whitish  yellow,  but  the  fungus  finally  covers  the 
whole  under  surface  with  an  orange-red  coating. 

Preventive. — Plant  such  varieties  as  are  least  susceptible 
to  attack.  Among  blackberries,  Kittatinny  is  particularly 
susceptible. 

Remedy.  — Burn  the  plants,  roots  and  branch,  as  soon  as 
the  disease  appears. 

Rose.  LEAF-BLIGHT  or  BLACK-SPOT  (Actinonema  roses, 
Fries). — Attacks  the  full-grown  leaves,  first  appearing  as 


54  The  Horticulhiris?  s  Rule- Book. 

Kose  (Leaf -blight  or  Black-spot) ,  continued. 

small  black  spots,  but  later  covering  nearly  or  quite  the 
whole  surface  with  blotches.  The  spots  have  frayed*edges 
Common  in  out-door  and  house  culture. 

Remedies. — In  the  house,  fumes  of  sulphur.  Out  of 
doors,  burn  the  affected  leaves  and  spray  with  Bordeaux 
mixture  or  eau  celeste.  Spray  before  the  leaves  unfold. 

LEAF-SPOT  (Cercospora  rosczcola,  Pass.). — Black  or  red- 
dish-black spots  on  the  leaves,  shading  into  red  at  the 
definite  edges.  Later  the  center  of  the  spot  becomes 
light  brown  or  gray.  Attacks  plants  growing  out  of  doors. 

Remedies. — Burn  diseased  parts.  Plant  in  an  airy  and 
dry  place. 

MILDEW  (Sphczrotheca  pannosa,  Lev.). — Whitish  mildew 
attacking  roses.  It  is  brought  on,  according  to  Maynard, 
by  exposure  to  drafts  of  extremely  cold  air  when  the 
plants  are  growing  rapidly,  by  high  temperature  running 
the  same  day  and  night,  by  watering  just  before  night,  by 
too  little  water,  by  extreme  dryness,  by  poor  drainage,  by 
deficiency  in  plant  food. 

Remedy. — Fumes  of  sulphur. 

RUST  (Phragmidium  mucronatum,  Winter). — Appears 
in  small  and  scattered  bright  yellow  spots  or  pustules  on 
the  leaves,  which  at  length  become  distorted,  and  upon 
the  young  growth. 

Preventive. — Spray  with  eau  celeste  early  in  the  season. 

Remedy. — Spray  with  sulphate  of  copper  or  other  fungi- 
cides. 

Strawberry.  MILDEW  (Spcerotkeca  Castagnci^  Lev.) — 
A  whitish  cobweb-like  mildew  spreading  over  the  fruit 
and  leaves. 

Remedy. — If  the  disease  is  discovered  early  enough,  some 
liquid  fungicide,  as  potassium  sulphide  or  Bordeaux  mix- 
ture, should  be  employed. 

STRAWBERRY-LEAF  BLIGHT  or  "SUN-BURN"  (SpJuz- 
rella  fragaria,  Sacc.,  including  Ramularia.} — Small  purple 


Plant  Diseases.  55 

Strawberry  (Strawberry-leaf  Blight),  continued. 

or  red  spots  appearing  on  the  leaves.  They  eventually 
become  larger  and  browner,  making  the  leaf  appear 
blotched. 

Remedies. — Spray  the  plants  several  times  early  in  the 
season  with  solution  of  potassium  sulphide.  Destroy  all 
affected  leaves.  The  leaves  are  easily  destroyed  without 
injury  to  the  plants  by  burning  off  a  thin  layer  of  straw 
which  is  spread  over  the  patch  after  the  fruit  is  off. 

Tomato.  BLIGHT  (Cladosporium  fulvum,  Cooke). — Soft 
brown  irregular  spots  appear  on  the  under  surface  of 
the  leaves,  and  the  upper  surface  becomes  spotted  with 
yellow.  The  leaves  finally  shrivel.  Most  serious  in 
greenhouses. 

Preventive. — In  houses,  keep  the  temperature  as  even  as 
possible.  In  particular,  avoid  sudden  changes. 

Remedy. — Sulphide  of  potassium  sprayed  on  the  plants 
every  week  or  ten  days. 

ROT. — (Several  fungi  appear  to  be  concerned  in  the  pro- 
duction of  tomato  rot,  and  the  subject  is  not  yet  well  un- 
derstood.) 

Preventive. — The  small  cherry  and  plum  tomatoes  are 
not  attacked,  and  the  old-fashioned  angular  sorts  are  com- 
paratively free.  Training  the  vines  so  as  to  give  the  fruit 
plenty  of  light  and  air  is  usually  useful.  Heavy  applica- 
tions of  fresh  stable  manure  appear  to  augment  the  injury. 
Burn  all  infested  vines  and  fruits  in  the  autumn. 

Verbena.  RUST  (Erysiphe  Cichor ace  arum,  D.  C.). — A  rust 
which  appears  on  the  leaves,  eventually  destroying  the 
plants. 

Preventives. — Start  with  perfectly  healthy  and  vigorous 
stock,  and  give  good  culture.  In  the  house,  endeavor  to 
avoid  drafts,  but  give  plenty  of  air  on  bright  days. 

Violet.     VIOLET    DISEASE    or    RUST    (Peronospora    Viola, 


56  Fhe  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Violet  (Violet  Disease),  continued. 

De  Bary  ?). — Appears  on  the  leaves  as  small  rounded  black 

or  brown  spots,  causing  the  leaf  to  finally  wither  and  die. 
Preventives. — It  is  supposed  that  any  neglect  or  improper 

handling  renders  the   plants  more  liable  to  the   disease. 

Burn  all   infested   plants,  and    do   not  use  the  same  soil 

again  for  violets. 
Watermelon.     ANTHRACNOSE   or    POD-RUST.      See    under 

Bean. 


CHAPTER  V. 


INJURIES     FROM    MICE,    RABBITS,    SQUIRRELS    AND 
BIRDS,  WITH  PREVENTIVES  AND  REMEDIES. 

To  prevent  mice  from  gridling  trees  in  winter. — In  heeling- 
in  young  trees  in  the  fall,  do  not  use  straw  or  litter,  in 
which  mice  can  make  their  nests.  In  orchards,  see  that 
tall  grass,  corn  husks,  or  other  dry  material  does  not 
gather  about  the  trees  in  fall.  If  danger  from  mice  is  ap- 
prehended, tramp  the  first  snow  firmly  about  the  trees,  in 
order  to  compact  the  grass  and  litter  so  that  mice  cannot 
find  shelter.  Where  the  paper  birch  grows,  it  will  be 
found  a  good  plan  to  place  sections  of  birch  bark  from 
limbs  or  small  trunks  about  the  base  of  the  tree.  These 
sections  roll  up  tightly  about  the  tree,  and  yet  expand  so 
readily  with  the  growth  of  the  tree  that  they  may  be  al- 
lowed to  remain.  Tie  thin  strips  of  wood,  as  laths  or 
shingles,  about  the  tree. 

Washes  to  protect  trees  from  mice. — Wash  the  trees  with 
some  persistent  substance  in  which  is  placed  Paris  green. 
Maynard  finds  the  following  substances  useful  for  holding 
the  poison  :  Portland  cement  of  the  consistency  of  com- 
mon paint ;  Portland  cement  10  parts  and  gas  tar  i  pi-Jtj 
Portland  cement  10  parts  and  asphaltum  i  part ;  Port- 
land cement  10  parts  and  Merrill's  tree  ink  i  part. 

Lime  wash,  to  which  is  added  a  little  sulphur,  tobacco 
decoction,  and  soap-suds. 

Carbonate  of  baryta  for  rats  and  mice. — Sugar  and  oat- 
meal or  wheat  flour,  of  each  6  ozs.;  carbonate  of  baryta, 

(57) 


58  The  Horticulturist" s  Rule- Book 

Carbonate  of  baryta  for  rats  and  mice,  continued. 

X  lb.;  oil  of  anise  seed,  enough  to  give  the  mixture  a  pretty 
strong  odor. 

Tartar  emetic  for  rats  and  mice. — Tartar  emetic,  i  part 
oatmeal  or  flour,  4  parts ;  beef  or  mutton  suet  enough  to 
make  all  into  a  paste. 

Camphor  for  rats  and  mice. — Mix  a  few  pieces  of  camphor 
with  vegetable  seeds,  to  preserve  them. 

French  paste  for  rats  and  mice. — Oatmeal  or  wheat  flour, 
3  Ib. ;  powdered  indigo,  YZ  oz.  ;  finely  powdered  white 
arsenic,  4  ozs.  ;  oil  of  anise  seed,  ^  drachm.  Mix,  and 
add  of  melted  beef  suet  or  mutton  tallow  2^  Ibs.,  and 
work  the  whole  up  into  a  paste. 

Wash  for  keeping  rabbits,  sheep  and  mice  away  from  trees. 
— Fresh  lime,  slaked  with  soft  water  (old  soap  suds  are 
best) ;  make  the  wash  the  thickness  of  fence  or  house  wash. 
When  i  peck  of  lime  is  used,  when  hot  add  J^  gallon  crude 
carbolic  acid,  ^  gallon  gas-tar  and  4  pounds  of  sulphur. 
Stir  well.  For  summer  wash  leave  gas-tar  out,  and  add 
in  place  of  it  i  gallon  of  soft  soap.  To  keep  rabbits  and 
sheep  from  girdling,  wash  late  in  fall,  or  about  the  time  of 
frost,  as  high  as  one  can  reach. 

To  remedy  the  injury  done  by  mice  and  rabbits. — 

1.  Pare  and  clean  the  wound,  and  cover  it  thickly  with 
fresh  cow-dung,  or  soft  clay,  and  bind  it  up  thoroughly 
with  a  cloth.     Grafting  wax  bound  on  is  also  good.     Com- 
plete  girdling,  when  done   late  in    spring — when   settled 
weather  is  approaching — can  be  remedied  in  this  manner. 

2.  Insert  long  scions  over  the  wound,  by  paring  them 
thin  on  both  ends  and  placing  one  end  under  the  bark  on 
the  upper  edge  of  the  wound  and  the  other  under  the  bark 
on  the  lower  edge.     Wax  thoroughly  the  points  of  union, 
and  tie  a  cloth  band  about  the  trees  over  both  extremities 
of  the  scions. 


Injuries  from  Mice,  Rabbits,  Etc..  59 

To  drive  rabbits  from  orchards. — Dip  rags  in  melted  sulphur 
and  then  secure  them  to  sticks  which  are  stuck  promiscu- 
ously through  the  orchard. 

It  should  be  an  imperative  rule  with  all  orchardists  not 
to  allow  brush  heaps  or  piles  of  poles  and  rails  to  remain 
upon  their  premises  if  rabbits  are  troublesome  in  the 
neighborhood,  for  it  is  in  such  places  that  the  animals  live- 
Wash  to  protect  trees  from  rabbits. — Fresh  cow-dung, 
i  peck,  quick-lime,  l/z  peck  ,  flowers  of  sulphur,  yz  pound  ; 
lamp-black,  %  pound.  Mix  the  whole  into  a  thick  paint 
with  urine  and  soap  suds. 

California  rabbit  wash. — Commercial  aloes,  one  pound  to 
four  gallons  of  water,  both  sprinkled  on  leaves  and  painted 
on  the  bark,  gives  a  bitter  taste,  which  repels  rabbits. 

California  rabbit  poisons. — 

1.  Pieces  of    \vater-melon;   canteloupe,   or  other   vege- 
tables of   which   they  are    fond,   may   be    poisoned  with 
strychnine  and  then  scattered  around  the  orchard. 

2.  To  100  pounds  of  wheat  take  9  gallons  of  water  and  i 
pound  of  phosphorus,  i  pound  of  sugar,  and  i  ounce  oil 
of  rhodium.     Heat  the  water  to  boiling  point  and  let  it 
stand  all  night.     Next  morning  stir  in  flour  sufficient  to 
make  a  sort  of  paste.     Scatter  it  about  the  place. 

3.  Another  preparation  is  >£  teaspoonful  of  powdered 
strychnine,  2  teaspoonf uls  of  fine  salt,  and  4  of  granulated 
sugar.      Put  all  in  a  tin  ho*  and  shake  well.     Pour  in  small 
heaps  on  a  board.     It  hardens  into  a  solid  mass.     Rabbits 
lick  it  for  the  salt  and  the  sugar  disguises  the  poison. 

Sulphur  for  rabbits. — Equal  proportions  of  sulphur,  soot 

and  lime,  made  into  a  thick  cream  with  cow   manure. 

Smear  upon  the  trees. 
Cow-manure  for  rabbits. — A  mixture  of   lime,  water  and 

cow-manure,  made  strong,  forms  an  excellent  anti-rabbit 

composition. 


60  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule-Book. 

Asafcetida  for  rabbits. — A  teaspoonful  of  tincture  of  asa- 
foetida  in  ^  bucketful  of  liquid  clay,  mud,  or  muck  of  any 
kind.  Apply  with  a  brush  to  the  stem  and  branches  of 
young  trees  Two  or  three  applications  during  winter. 

California  ground  squirrel  remedies. — Take  5  quarts  clean 
wheat,  scald  with  water  ,  drain.  Take  %  cup  of  white 
sugar,  dissolve  with  sufficient  water  to  make  a  syrup  ;  add 
i  ounce  powdered  strychnine,  stir  thoroughly  until  a  thin 
paste  is  formed.  Pour  this  on  the  damp  wheat.  Stir 
thoroughly  for  at  least  15  minutes.  Add  i  pint  powdered 
sugar,  stir  ;  add  5  to  10  drops  of  rhodium  and  5  to  10  drops 
of  oil  of  anise  seed.  Place  a  few  grains  in  each  squirrel 
hole,  putting  it  as  far  in  as  possible. 

Bisulphide  of  carbon  is  also  largely  used.  A  small 
quantity  is  poured  into  the  barrow,  and  the  hole  is  imme- 
diately closed  securely  with  dirt. 

Tying  newspapers  about  trees  in  such  manner  as  to  al- 
low the  upper  part  of  the  paper  to  project  loosely  a  few 
inches,  frightens  the  squirrels  away. 

Poison  for  English  sparrows. — Dissolve  arseniate  of  soda 
in  warm  water  at  the  rate  of  i  ounce  to  i  pint ;  pour  this 
upon  as  much  wheat  as  it  will  cover  (in  a  vessel  which  can 
be  closed  so  as  to  prevent  evaporation),  and  allow  it  to 
soak  for  at  least  24  hours.  Dry  the  wheat  so  prepared, 
and  it  is  ready  for  use.  It  should  be  distributed  in  winter 
in  places  where  the  sparrows  congregate. 

Bird  poisons. — 

i.  Place  a  shallow  box  on  the  end  of  a  pole  and  put  it 
4  or  5  feet  from  the  ground  to  keep  the  poison  out  of 
the  way  of  domestic  fowls.  In  the  box  sprinkle  corn 
meal  and  a  very  little  strychnine,  which  mixture  the  birds 
eat  and  are  very  soon  killed.  It  will  not  hurt  dogs  or  cats 
to  eat  the  dead  birds,  for  the  reason  that  there  is  not 
enough  poison  absorbed  by  the  bird.  (Californian. ) 


Jniuries  from  Mice,  Rabbits,  Etc.  61 

Bird  poisons,  continued 

2.  Put  the  strychnine  in  pieces  of  apples  and  stick  them 
on  the  ends  of  limbs  of  the  trees.     (Californian.) 

3.  To  protect  newly-planted  ^eeds.    Coat  the  seeds  with 
red  lead,  by  moistening  the  seeds  slightly  and  stirring  in 
red  lead  until  all  the  seeds  are  thoroughly  coated.     Let 
the  seeds  dry  for  two  or  three  hours  before  sowing. 

To  protect  fruits  from  birds,  one  of  the  best  devices  is 
mosquito  bar  spread  over  the  bushes  or  trees.  For  bush 
fruits  and  small  trees  the  expense  is  not  great. 


CHAPTER  VI. 


WEEDS. 

I.  Weeds  in  general. — Weeds  rarely  trouble  the  good  cul- 
tivator, particularly  in  vegetable  gardening.  Intensive 
methods  of  culture  allow  no  weeds  to  appear.  It  is 
economy,  both  in  labor  and  in  returns  from  the  crop,  to  pre- 
vent weeds  from  appearing,  rather  than  to  hoe  or  pull 
them  out  after  they  are  partly  grown  and  have  done  some 
damage.  Frequent  light  stirring  of  the  soil  with  culti- 
vator, harrow  or  rake  is  the  cheapest  mode  of  weed  de- 
struction. In  the  struggle  with  weeds  it  is  well  to  con- 
sider the  longevity  of  the  various  species.  Annual  weeds, 
those  which  naturally  die  after  the  season's  growth,  re- 
quire no  special  treatment.  Biennial  species,  those  which 
die  at  the  end  of  the  second  year,  may  be  held  in  check 
by  preventing  them  from  seeding,  as  by  mowing  them 
when  coming  into  flower.  Examples  of  this  class 
are  the  mullein,  wild  carrot  and  field  or  bull  thistle 
Perennial  species,  those  which  live  indefinitely,  often  re- 
quire particular  treatment.  Some  of  the  worst  of  the 
perennial  species  are  Canada  thistle,  white  or  ox-eye  daisy, 
toad-flax,  live-forever,  docks,  and  various  grasses.  Very 
frequent,  persistent  and  thorough  cultivation  will  destroy 
any  of  these.  Cultivation  should  be  repeated  even  before 
the  weeds  recover  sufficiently  to  take  root  again.  Seeding 
down  and  mowing  the  weeds  with  the  hay  will  destroy 
most  weeds.  In  dry  and  sandy  soils  three  or  four  thor- 
ough plowings  during  the  season  will  destroy  Canada 

(62) 


Weeds.  63 

Weeds  in  general,  continued. 

thistles  and  other  pests,  particularly  in  dry  years,  but  on 
richer  and  retentive  soils  more  thoroughness  must  be  prac- 
ticed 

2.  Weeds  in  Lawns. — Weeds  usually  come  up  thickly  in 

newly  sown  lawns  They  are  to  be  prevented  by  the  use 
of  commercial  fertilizers  or  very  clean  manure  and  clean 
grass  seed.  Clean  June-grass,  01  blue-grass,  seed  is 
usually  best.  Grass  seed  should  be  shown  very  thickly — 
2  to  4  bu.  to  the  acre — and  annual  weeds  cannot  persist 
long.  Frequent  mowings  during  summer  will  keep  the 
weeds  down,  and  most  species  will  not  survive  the  winter. 
In  old  lawns  most  perennial  weeds  can  be  kept  down  by 
very  frequent  mowings  with  a  good  lawn  mower  Grass 
can  stand  more  cutting  than  weeds  If  mowing  cannot  be 
practiced  often  enough  for  this  purpose,  the  weeds  may  be 
cut  off  below  the  surface  with  a  long  knife  or  spud,  and 
the  crowns  are  then  readily  pulled  out  Or  a  little  sulphuric 
acid — oil  of  vitriol — may  be  poured  upon  the  crown  of  each 
plant 

3.  Weeds  on  Walks. — Walks    should    be   so   made   that 

weeds  cannot  grow  in  them  This  can  be  done  by  making 
a  deep  stone  foundation  and  fillip  between  the  stones  with 
cinders,  coal  ashes,  or  other  similar  material  But  when 
weeds  become  established  they  can  be  destroyed  by  the 
following  methods 

SALT. — Hot  brine  (i  Ib.  of  salt  to  i  gal  of  water), 
boiled  in  a  kettle  on  wheels  and  dipped  out  into  watering 
pots.  Brine  is  better  than  dry  salt,  because  it  leaves  very 
little  color  upon  the  walk. 

LIME  AND  SULPHUR. — 10  gals,  of  water,  20  Ib.  of  quick- 
lime and  2  Ib  flowers  of  sulphur  are  boiled  in  an  iron 
vessel ,  after  settling,  the  clear  part  is  dipped  off  and  used 
when  needed.  Care  must  be  taken,  as  it  will  destroy 
edgings 


64  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Weeds  on  Walks,  continued. 

OIL  OF  VITRIOL. — i  part  oil  of  vitriol  (sulphuric  acid)  to 
30  parts  of  water  Apply  with  a  watering-pol  Choose 
a  clear  evening  after  a  hot  day.  Keep  clear  of  'the  edgings. 
The  pot  should  be  well  painted,  or  a  wooden  pail  should 
be  used. 

ARSENITE  OF  SODA. — Place  i  Ib  of  powdered  arsenic 
in  3  gals,  of  cold  water,  boil  and  keep  stirring :  then  add  7 
gals,  of  cold  water  and  2  Ibs.  of  crushed  soda  ;  stir  well 
while  boiling.  Apply  in  dry  weather. 

CARBOLIC  ACID. — i  oz  of  carbolic  acid  to  i  gal  of  water 
sprinkled  over  the  path  from  a  common  watering-pot 
Will  also  destroy  ants. 

COAL-TAR  COATING — Mix  coal-tar  with  gravel  to  the  con- 
sistency of  mortar ;  spread  over  the  path  i  to  2  in.  thick ; 
cover  this  with  gravel,  then  roll  and  add  another  thin  coat- 
ing of  gravel  to  finish 

4.  Moss  on  Walks  and  Lawns. — In  damp  and  shady  places, 
and  also  in  sterile  places,  moss  may  appear  on  walks  and 
lawns.  If  the  conditions  cannot  be  improved,  the  follow- 
ing treatments  may  be  tried  : 

i  Ib.  oil  of  vitriol  (sulphuric  acid)  to  10  qts.  of  water. 
Wet  the  surface  thoroughly,  being  careful  not  to  sprinkle 
edgings  or  good  sod. 

In  early  spring,  while  the  ground  is  soft,  with  a  long 
toothed  rake,  work  it  backwards  and  forwards,  in  order  to 
bring  the  moss  to  the  surface.  Clear  away  the  moss  and 
leave  the  ground'  untouched  for  a  fortnight.  Early  in 
March  repeat  the  operation,  and  about  the  middle  of  that 
month  apply  a  dressing  of  rich  compost,  which  may  con- 
sist of  any  old  rubbish  well  decomposed,  adding  y&  of  fresh 
lime.  Mix  with  compost  a  few  days  before  using.  Cover 
the  ground  with  the  compost  at  the  rate  of  200  barrow- 
loads  per  acre,  passing  it  through  a  ^-in.  sieve,  to  save 
the  trouble  of  rolling  Rake  it  evenly  over  the  suface 
with  a  wooden  rake,  and  when  dry  seed  down.  An  English 
method. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


WAXES  FOR  GRAFTING  AND  FOR  WOUNDS. 

1.  Common  Resin  and  Beeswax  Waxes. — 

1.  RELIABLE  WAX. — Resin,  4  parts  by  weight  •  beeswax, 
2  parts  ;  tallow,  i  part.     Melt  together  and  pour  into  a  pail 
of  cold  water.     Then  grease  the  hands  and  pull  the  wax 
until  it  is  nearly  white. 

2.  Resin,  4  Ibs. ;  beeswax,  i  Ib.  •  tallow,  i  Ib. 

3.  Resin,  6  Ibs.,  beeswax,  2  Ibs.;  linseed  oil,  i  pt. 

4  6  Ibs.  resin,  i  Ib.  beeswax  .and  i  pt.  linseed  oil; 
apply  hot  with  a  brush,  one-eighth  o2  an  inch  thick  over 
all  the  joints. 

5.  FOR  WARM  WEATHER. — Four  Ibs.  of  resin,  i  Ib.  of  bees- 
wax, and  from  half  to  a  pint  of  raw  linseed  oil  ;  melt  all  1.0- 
gether  gradually,   and    turn    into  water  and  pull.     The 
linseed  oil  should  be  entirely  free  from  cotton-seed  oil. 

6.  Resin,  6  parts  ;  beeswax,  i  part ,  tallow,  i  part.     To 
be  used  warm,  in  the  house. 

7.  Resin,  4  or  5  parts  ;  beeswax,  i^  to  2  parts  ;  linseed 
oil,  i  to  i)4  parts.     For  out-door  work. 

2.  Alcoholic  Waxes. — 

8.  LEFORT'S    LIQUID    GRAFTING    WAX,    or    ALCOHOLIC 
PLASTIC. — Best  white  resin,   i  Ib. ;  beef  tallow,  i  oz.;  re- 
move frcm  the  fire  and  add  8  ozs.  of  alcohol.     Keep  in 
closed  bottles  or  cans. 

9.  ALCOHOLIC  PLASTIC  WITH  BEESWAX. — Melt  6  parts 
white   recln    with   i    part   beeswax ;    remove   from   stove 
and  partially  cool  by  stirring,  then   add  gradually — with 

R-5  (65) 


66  The  Horticulturist*  s  Rule- Book. 

Alcoholic  Waxes  (Alcoholic  Plastic  with  Beeswax),  continued, 
continued  stirring — enough  alcohol  to  make  the  mixture, 
when  cool,  of  the  consistency  of  porridge.  In  the  tem- 
perature of  the  grafting-room  it  will  remain  sufficiently 
plastic  to  permit  applying  to  the  cut  surfaces  with  the 
finger. 

10.  ALCOHOLIC    PLASTIC   WITH    TURPENTINE. — Best 
white  resin,  i   Ib. ;  beef  tallow,  i   oz.;   turpentine,  i   tea- 
spoonful  ;  add  enough  alcohol  (13  to  15  fluid  ozs.  of  95 
per  cent,  alcohol)  to  make  the  wax  of  the  consistency  of 
honey.     Or,  less  alcohol  may  be  added  if  the  wax  is  to  be 
used  with  the  fingers. 

3.     French  and  Pitch  Waxes. — 

11.  COMMON  FRENCH. — Pitch,  ^  Ib.;   beeswax,  ^   Ib.; 
cow-dung,  i   Ib.     Boil  together,   melt  and  apply    with  a 
brush. 

12.  COMMON  FRENCH  BANDAGE  WAX. — Equal  parts  of 
beeswax,  turpentine  and  resin.     While  warm  spread  on 
strips  of  coarse  cotton  or  strong  paper. 

13.  GRAFTING  CLAY.  — 1/3    cow-dung,  free  from   straw, 
and  %  clay,  or  clayey  loam,  with  a  little  hair,  like  that 
used  in  plaster,  to  prevent  its  cracking.     Beat  and  temper 
it  for  two  or  three  days  until  it  is  thoroughly  incorporated. 
When  used  it  should  be  of  such  a  consistency  as  to   be 
easily  put  on  and  shaped  with  the  hands. 

14.  2  Ibs.  12  ozs.  of  resin  and  i  Ib.  n  ozs.  of  Burgundy 
pitch.     At  the  same  time,  melt  9  ozs.  of  tallow  ;  pour  the 
latter  into  the  former,  while  both  are  hot,  and  stir  the 
mixture   thoroughly.     Then   add    18   ozs.   of   red   ochre, 
dropping  it  in  gradually  and  stirring  the  mixture  at  the 
same  time. 

15.  Black  pitch,  28  parts  ;  Burgundy  pitch,  28  parts  ; 
beeswax,    16   parts  ;  grease,  14  parts  ;    yellow  ochre,    14 
parts. 

16.  Black  pitch,  28  Ibs. ;  Burgundy  pitch,  28  Ibs. ;  yel- 
low wax,  16  Ibs. ;  suet  or  tallow,  14  Ibs. ;  sifted  ashes,  14 


Waxes  for  Grafting  and  for   Wounds.         67 

French  and  Pitch  Waxes,  continued. 

Ibs.  When  used,  warm  sufficiently  to  make  it  liquid, 
without  being  so  hot  as  to  injure  the  texture  of  the 
branches. 

17.  Melt  together  i^  Ib.   of  clear  resin  and  ^    Ib.   of 
white   pitch.     At    the  same  time  melt   %   Ib.    of  tallow. 
Pour  the   melted  tallow  into  the  first  mixture,   and  stir 
vigorously.     Then  before  the  stuff  cools  add,  slowly  stir- 
ring  meantime,   ^   Ib.    of   Venetian  red.     This  may  be 
used  warm  or  cold. 

4     Waxed  String  and  Bandage.— 

18.  WAXED  STRING  FOR  ROOT-GRAFTING. — Into  a  kettle 
of   melted    wax   place   balls   of   No.    18    knitting  cotton. 
Turn  the  balls  frequently,  and  in  five  minutes  they  will 
be  thoroughly  saturated,  when  they  are  dried  and  put  away 
for  future  use.     This  material  is  strong  enough,  and  at 
the  same  time   breaks   so   easily    as   not    to    injure    the 
hands.     Any  of  the   resin  and   beeswax    waxes  may  be 
used.     When  the  string  is  used,  it  should  be  warm  enough 
to  stick  without  tying. 

19.  WAXED    CLOTH. — Old   calico     or    thin   muslin    is 
rolled  on  a  stick  and  placed  in  melted  wax.     When  satu- 
rated it  is  allowed  to  cool  by  being  unrolled  on  a  bench. 
Tt  is  then  cut  in  strips  to  suit. 

5.    Waxes  for  Wounds. — 

20.  Any  of  the  more  adhesive  grafting  waxes  are  excel- 
lent for  dressing  wounds,   although  most  of  them  cleave 
off  after  the  first  year.     Stiff  and  ochreous  paints  are  also 
good. 

21.  COAL-TAR. — Apply    a   coating  of    coal-tar   to   the 
wound,  which  has  first  been  pared  and  smoothed.     If  the 
wound  contains  a  hole,  plug  it  with  seasoned  wood. 

22.  HOSKINS'  WAX. — Boil  pine  tar  slowly  for  three  or 
four  hours  ;  add  ^  Ib.  of  beeswax  to  a  quart  of  the  tar. 
Have  ready  some  dry  and  finely  sifted  clay,  and  when  the 
mixture  of  tar  and  wax  is  partially  cold,    stir  into  the 


68  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Waxes  for  Wounds  (Hoskins'  Wax),  continued. 

above  named  quantity  about  12  ozs.  of  the  clay  ;  contL^e 
the  stirring  until  the  mixture  is  so  stiff,  and  so  nearly 
cool,  that  the  clay  will  not  settle.  This  is  soft  enough  in 
mild  weather  to  be  easily  applied  with  a  knife  or  spatula. 

23.  SCH^FELL'S     HEALING    PAINT. — Boil    linseed    oil 
(free    from    cotton-seed   oil)    one    hour,    with    an    oz.    of 
litharge  to  each   pt.  of  oil  ;  then  stir  in  sifted  wood  ashes 
until   the  paint  is  of  the  proper  consistency.     Pare   the 
bark  until  smooth,  as  the  fuzzy  edge  left  by  the  saw  will 
cause   it   to   die   back.       Paint    the   wound   over   in    dry 
weather,  and  if  the  wound  is  very   large,    cover  with   a 
gunny-sack. 

24.  TAR  FOR  BLEEDING  IN  VINES. — Add  to  tar  about  j  or 
4   times    its    weight  of  powdered  slate  or   some   similar 
substance.     Apply  with  an  old  knife  or  flat  stick. 

25.  HOT  IRON  FOR  BLEEDING  IN  VINES.  —Apply  a  hot 
iron  to  the  bare  surface  until  it  is  charred,  and  then  rub 
into  the  charred  surface  a  paste  made  of  newly-burnt  lime 
and  grease. 

26.  COLLODION    FOR  BLEEDING    IN    VINES. — It  may  be 
applied  with  a  feather  or  small  brush.     In  some  extreme 
cases  2  or  3  coats  will  be  needed,  in  which  case  allow  the 
collodion    to  form   a  film  before  applying  another  coat. 
Pharmaceutical  collodion  is  better  than  photographic. 


CHAPTER   VIII. 


CEMENTS,   MORTARS,    PAINTS    AND    GLUES. 

Cement  and  Mortar. — 

CEMENTS  FOR  IRON. — i.  Sal  ammoniac,  2  ozs. ;  suL- 
phur,  ioz.;  clean  iron  borings  or  filings  reduced  to  pow- 
der, 12  Ibs. ;  water  enough  to  form  a  thin  paste. 

2.  Sal  ammoniac,  2  ozs.;   iron  filings,  8  Ibs.;   sufficient 
water. 

3.  i  or  2  parts  of  sal  ammoniac  to  100  of  iron  filings. 
When  the  work  is  required  to  set  quickly,  increase  the  sal 
ammoniac  slightly  and  add  a  small  amount  of  sulphur. 

4.  Iron  filings,  4  Ibs.;  pipe  clay,  2  Ibs.;  powdered  pot- 
sherds, 1 1  Ibs. ;  make  into  a  paste  with  moderately  strong 
brine. 

5.  Equal  parts  of  red  and  white  lead,  mixed  into  a  paste 
with  boiled  linseed  oil.     Used  for  making  metallic  joints  of 
all  kinds. 

6.  To  4  or  5  parts  of  clay,  thoroughly  dried  and  pulver- 
ized, add  2  parts  of  iron  filings  free  from  oxide,  i  part  of 
peroxide  of   manganese,  ^  of  sea  salt  and  ^  of  borax 
mix  well  and  reduce  to  a  thick  paste  with  water.     Use  Im- 
mediately.    Expose  to  warmth,  gradually  increasing  al- 
most to  white  heat. 

7.  Sifted  coal  ashes  2  parts  and   common  salt  i  part. 
Add  water  enough  to  make  a  paste  and  apply  at  once.     This 
is  also  good  for  stoves  and  boilers,  as  it  stands  heat. 

BOILER  CEMENTS. — i.  Chalk,  60  parts  ;  lime  and  salt, 
of  each,  20  parts  ;  sharp  sand,  10  parts  ;  blue  or  red  clay 

(69) 


yo  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Cement  and  Mortar  (Boiler  Cements),  continued. 

and  clean  iron  filings,  of  each,  5  parts.  Grind  together,  and 
calcine  or  heat. 

2.  Powdered  clay,  6  Ibs. ;  iron  filings,  i  Ib.     Make  into 
a  paste  with  Iin3ocd  oil. 

3.  Powdered   litharge,  2  parts  ;  silver  sand  and  slaked 
lime,  of  each,  i  part ;  boiled  oil  enough  to  form  a  paste. 

These  cements  are  used  for  stopping  leaks  and  cracks  in 
boilers,  iron  pipes,  stoves,  etc.  They  should  be  applied  as 
soon  as  they  made. 

TAR  CEMENT. — Coal  tar,  i  part ;  powdered  slate  (slate 
flour),  3  or  4  parts  ;  mix  by  stirring,  until  thoroughly  incor- 
'  porated.  Very  useful  for  mending  watering  pots,  barrels, 
leaky  sash,  etc.  It  remains  somewhat  elastic.  It  does  not 
adhere  to  greasy  surfaces.  It  will  keep  for  a  long  time 
before  using. 

COPPER  CEMENT. — Beef  blood  thickened  with  sufficient 
finely  powdered  quick-lime  to  make  it  into  a  paste  is  used 
to  secure  the  edges  and  rivets  of  copper  boilers,  kettles, 
etc.  Use  immediately. 

FIREPROOF  or  STONE  CEMENT. — Fine  river  sand,  20 
parts  ;  litharge,  2  parts  ;  quicklime,  i  part  ;  linseed  oil, 
enough  to  form  a  thick  paste.  Used  for  walls  and  broken 
stonework. 

EARTHENWARE  CEMENT. — Grated  cheese,  2  parts  ;  pow- 
dered quicklime,  i  part;  fresh  white  of  egg,  enough  to 
form  a  paste.  Use  as  soon  as  possible. 

For  fine  earthenware,  liquid  glue  may  be  used. 

CEMENT  FOR  GLASS. — Methylated  spirit  sufficient  to 
render  liquid  a  half  dozen  pieces  of  gum  mastic  the  size 
of  a  large  pea  ;  in  another  bottle  dissolve  the  same  quantity 
of  isinglass,  which  has  been  soaked  in  water  and  allowed  to 
get  surface  dry,  in  2  oz.  of  methylated  spirits  ;  when  the 
first  is  dissolved  add  2  pieces  of  either  gum  galbanum  or 
gum  ammoniac  ;  apply  gentle  heat  and  stir  ;  add  the  solu- 
tion of  isinglass,  heat  again  and  stir.  Keep  in  a  tightly- 
stoppered  bottle,  and  when  used  set  in  boiling  water. 


-Mortars,  Paints  and  Glues.          71 

Cement  and  Mortar,  continued. 

SEALING  CEMENTS. — Beeswax,  i  Ib. ;  resin,  5  Ibs.  Stir 
in  sufficient  red  ochre  and  Brunswick  green,  or  lamp 
black,  to  give  the  desired  color. 

2.  Black  pitch,  6  Ibs  ;  ivory  black  and  whiting,  of  each, 
i  Ib.  Less  attractive  than  the  former. 

These  are  used  for  sealing  up  bottles,  barrels,  etc. 

MORTAR  FOR  HEAVY  RUBBLE  WORK  or  BRICK  WORK. — 
i  part  of  slaked  lime,  2  parts  of  sand  and  y£  part  of  black- 
smith's ashes  ;  for  brick  work   i   part  of  lime,  i  of  sand 
and  i  of  blacksmith's  ashes. 
2.  Concrete ,  etc0,  for  Floors,  Borders  and  Walks. — 

GROUT  FLOOR. — i.  To  secure  a  good  grout  or  cement 
floor,  make  a  good  foundation  of  small  stones  or  brick- 
bats, and  cover  three  Ox  four  inches  thick  with  a  thin 
mortar,  made  of  2  parts  sharp  sand  and  i  part  water  lime, 

2.  Fresh  powdered  lime,  2  parts  ;    Portland  cement,  i 
part ;  gravel,  broken  stone,  or  brick,  6  parts.     Mix  with 
water  to  a  liquid  consistency,  and   let  it  be  thrown  forci- 
bly,   or    dropped,    into   its   position.     It    should    be    well 
beaten  or  rammed  to  render  it  solid. 

3.  Equal  parts  of  gravel,  well  screened,  and  clean  river 
or  pit  sand.     With  5  parts  of  the  sand  and  gravel,  mix  i 
part  of    Portland  cement.     Mix  with  water,  and  apply  i 
in.  thick. 

FOR  GARDEN  BORDERS. — Nine  parts  gravel  and  i  part 
unslaked  lime  ;  slake  the  lime  and  cover  it  with  the  gravel, 
then  add  water  sufficient  to  make  a  very  thin  mortar. 
Apply  3  in.  deep  ;  allow  it  to  stiffen  a  little,  then  roll. 
Finish  with  an  inch  thick  of  i  part  lime  and  3  parts 
gravel.  Apply  soft. 

FOR  WALKS. — Walks  should  always  have  a  well-made 
foundation  of  stones  or  brick-bats  to  give  hardness  and 
insure  drainage.  The  top  of  the  walk  may  be  made 
of  gravel,  sifted  coal  ashes,  cinders  from  foundries,  fur- 
naces, etc.  If  gravel  is  used,  care  should  be  exercised  to 


72  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Concrete,  etc.  (for  Walks),  continued. 

avoid  the  round  or  washed  gravel,  particularly  that  lying 
in  the  beds  of  streams,  for  it  will  not  pack.  One  part  of 
clean  clay  to  4  or  5  of  gravel  makes  a  good  walk.  Or  the 
following  may  be  used  : 

1.  One  part  mineral  pitch,  i   part  resin,  7  parts  chalk 
and  2  parts  coarse  sand.     Boil  together,  and  lay  it  while 
in  a  hot  state,  adding  a  little  gravel. 

2.  Boil  for  a  short  time  18  parts  of  mineral  pitch  and 
18  parts  of  resin  in  an  iron  kettle  ;  then  add  60  parts  of 
coarse  sand  ;  mix  well,  and  lay  it  on  the  path  to  the  thick- 
ness of  i  in.;  then  sift  a  little  fine  gravel  over  it,  and  beat 
it  down  before  the  cement  sets. 

3.  Put  down  a  coat  of  tar  and  sift  some  road  sand  or 
coal  ashes  over  it  very  thickly.     When  this  is  dry  repeat 
the  operation  until  you  have  4  coats  of  tar  and  as  many  of 
coal  ashes  or  road  sand. 

4.  Two  parts  of  thoroughly  dried  sand,  i  part  cinders, 
thoroughly  dried.    Mix  together  ;  then  spread  the  sand  and 
cinders  on  the  ground  and  make  a  hole  in  the  center,  into 
which  pour  boiling  hot  tar  and  mix  to  a  stiff  paste  ;  then 
spread  on  the  walk,  beat  and  roll. 

5.  Two  parts  lime  rubbish  and   i  part  coal  ashes,  both 
very  dry  and  finely  sifted  ;  in  the  middle  of  the  heap  make 
a  hole  ;  into  this  pour  boiling  hot  coal  tar  ;  mix  to  a  stiff 
mortar  and  spread  on  the  ground  2  or  3  in.  thick.     The 
ground  should  be  dry  and  beaten  well.     Cover  with  coarse 
sand  ;  when  cold,  roll  well. 

3.  Paints  and  Protective  Compounds. — 

HOME-MADE  WASHES  FOR  FENCES  AND  OUT-BUILDINGS 
may  be  made  by  various  combinations  of  lime  and  grease. 
The  following  are  good  formulas  : 

1.  Slake  fresh  quick-lime  in  water,  and  thin  it  to  a  paste 
or  paint  with  skim-milk.     The  addition  of  2  or  3  handfuls 
of  salt  to  a  pail  of  the  wash  is  beneficial. 

2.  2  qts.  skim-milk,  8  ozs.  of    fresh  slaked  lime,  6  ozs. 
of  boiled  linseed  oil  and  2  oz.  of  white  pitch,  dissolved  in 


Cements,  Mortars,   Paints  and  Glues.          73 

Paint  and  Protective  Compounds,  continued. 

the  oil  by  a  gentle  heat.  The  lime  must  be  slaked  in  cold 
water  and  dried  in  the  air  until  it  falls  into  a  fine  powder; 
then  mix  with  #  part  of  the  milk,  adding  the  mixed  oil 
and  pitch  by  degrees  ;  add  the  remainder  of  the  milk. 
Lastly,  add  3  Ibs.  of  the  best  whiting  and  mix  the  whole 
thoroughly. 

3.  Slake  YZ  bu.  of  lime  in  boiling  water,  keeping  it  cov- 
ered ;  strain  and  add  brine  made  by  dissolving  i  pk.  of 
salt  in  warm  water,  and  3  Ibs.  rice  flour,  then  boil  to  a 
paste  ;  add  YI  Ib.  whiting  and  i  Ib.  of  glue  dissolved  in 
warm  water.  Mix  and  let  stand  for  a  few  days  before 
using. 

FIRE-PROOF  PAINT. — In  a  covered  vessel  slake  the  best 
quick-lime,  then  add  a  mixture  of  skim-milk  and  water, 
and  mix  to  the  consistency  of  cream  ;  then  add  20  Ibs.  of 
alum,  15  Ibs.  of  potash  and  i  bu.  of  salt  to  every  100  gals, 
of  the  liquid.  If  white  paint  is  desired,  add  to  the  above 
6  Ibs.  of  plaster  of  Paris. 

FOR  DAMP  WALLS. — i.  %  Ib.  of  hard  soap  to  i  gal.  of 
water.  Lay  over  the  bricks  steadily  and  carefully  with  a 
flat  brush,  so  as  not  to  form  a  froth  or  lather  on  the  surface. 
After  24  hrs.,  mix  ^  Ib.  of  alum  with  4  gals,  of  water ; 
let  it  stand  24  hours,  and  then  apply  it  in  the  same 
manner  over  the  coating  of  soap.  Apply  in  dry  weather. 

2.  ij^  Ib.  resin,  i  Ib.  tallow,  i  qt.  linseed  oil.  Melt  to- 
gether and  apply  hot ;  two  coats. 

PAINT  FOR  GREENHOUSE  ROOFS. — Make  a  paint  of  ordi- 
nary consistency  of  white  lead  and  naphtha.  It  is  removed 
from  the  glass  by  the  use  of  a  scrubbing  brush.  Make  it 
thin  or  it  is  hard  to  remove. 

Ordinary  lime  whitewash  is  good  for  temporary  use. 

WATER-PROOFING  PAINTS. — For  leather. — i.  >^  Ib.  of 
shellac,  broken  into  small  pieces  in  a  quart  bottle  ;  cover 
with  methylated  spirit,  cork  it  tight,  put  it  on  a  shelf 
in  a  warm  place,  and  shake  it  well  several  times  a  day ; 


74  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Paints  and  Protective  Compounds,  continued. 

then  add  a  piece  of  camphor  as  large  as  a  hen's  egg  ; 
shake  again  and  add  i  oz.  of  lamp  black.  Apply  with  a 
small  paint  brush. 

2.  Put  into  an  earthern  jar  }£   Ib.  of  beeswax,  J^  pt.  of 
neatsfoot  oil,  3  or  4  tablespoonfuls  of  lamp   black,  and  a 
piece  of  camphor  as  large  as  a  hen's  egg.     Melt  over  a 
slow  fire.     Have  both  grease  and  leather  warm  and  apply 
with  a  brush. 

3.  i  pt.  of  linseed  oil,  %  Ib.  mutton  suet,  6  oz.  of  clean 
beeswax  and    4    ozs.  of  resin  ;   melt  and    mix   well.     Use 
while  warm  with  a  brush  on  new  boots  or  shoes. 

'  FOR  CLOTH  FOR  PITS  AND  FRAMES. — Old  pale  linseed 
oil,  3  pints  ;  sugar  of  lead  (acetate  of  lead),  i  oz.;  white 
resin,  4  ozs.  Grind  the  acetate  with  a  little  of  the  oil, 
then  add  the  rest  and  the  resin.  Use  an  iron  kettle  over  a 
gentle  fire.  Apply  with  a  brush,  hot. 

FOR  PAPER. — Dissolve  i^  Ib.  of  white  soap  in  i  qt.  of 
water  ;  in  another  qt.  of  water  dissolve  i^  oz.  of  gum 
arabic  and  5  ozs.  of  glue.  Mix  the  two  liquids,  warm  them 
and  soak  the  paper  in  it  and  pass  through  rollers,  or  simply 
hang  it  up  to  dry. 

To  PREVENT  METALS  FROM  RUSTING. — Melt  together 
3  parts  of  lard  and  i  part  of  powdered  resin.  A  very  thin 
coating  applied  with  a  brush  will  keep  stoves  and  grates 
from  rusting  during  summer,  even  in  damp  situations.  A 
little  black  lead  can  be  mixed  with  the  lard.  Does  well  on 
nearly  all  metals. 

To  PREVENT  RUSTING  OF  NAILS,  HINGES,  ETC. — i 
pt.  of  linseed  oil,  2  ozs.  black  lead  ;  mix  together.  Heat 
nails  red-hot  and  dip  them  in. 

4.  Glues. — 

LIQUID  GLUE. — i.  Dissolve  2  Ibs.  of  best  pale  glue  in  i 
qt.  of  water  in  a  covered  vessel,  placed  in  a  hot  water 
bath  ;  when  cold,  add  to  it  7  ozs.  of  commercial  nitric  acid. 
When  cold  put  in  bottles. 


Cements,  Mortars,  Paints  and  Glues.          75 

Glues  (Liquid  Glue),  continued. 

2.  Finest  pale  orange  shellac,  broken  small,  4  ozs.; 
methylated  spirit,  3  oz.;  put  in  a  warm  place  in  a  closely 
corked  bottle  until  dissolved.  Should  have  the  consistency 
of  molasses.  Or,  borax,  ioz.;  water,  ^  pt;  shellac  as  be- 
fore ;  boil  in  a  closely  covered  vessel  until  dissolved  ; 
then  evaporate  until  nearly  as  thick  as  molasses. 

FLOWER  GUM. — Very  fine  white  shellac  mixed  with 
methylated  spirit  in  a  stone  jar  ;  shake  well  for  y2  an  hour 
and  place  by  a  fire,  and  shake  it  frequently  the  first  day. 
Keep  in  a  cool  place.  Leave  the  camel's-hair  brush  in  the 
gum.  Never  fill  the  brush  too  full  and  gum  the  petals 
close  to  the  tube. 

GUM  FOR  LABELS  AND  SPECIMENS. —  i.  Two  parts  of  gum 
arabic,  i  part  of  brown  sugar  ;  dissolve  in  water  to  the 
consistency  of  cream. 

2.  Five  parts  of  best  glue  soaked  in  18  to  20  parts  of 
water  for  a  day,  and  to  the  liquid  add  9  parts  of  sugar 
candy  and  3  parts  of  gum  arabic. 

3r  Good  flour  and  glue,  to  which  add  linseed  oil,  varnish 
and  turpentine,  ^  oz.  each  to  the  lb.  Good  when  labels 
are  liable  to  get  damp. 


f 


CHAPTER    IX. 


SEED  TABLES. 

i.    Quantity  of  Seed  required  to  Sow  an  Acre. 

Asparagus 4  or  5  Ibs.,  or  i  oz.  for  50  ft.  of  drill. 

Beans,  Dwarf in  drills i}^  bu. 

' '       Pole "          10  to  1 2  qts. 

Beet "          5  to  6  Ibs. 

Buckwheat   "          i  bu. 

Cabbage in  beds  to  transplant %  lb. 

Carrot in  drills 3  to  4  Ibs. 

Cauliflower i  oz.  of  seed  for  1,000  plants.  . 

Celery    i  oz.  for  2,000  plants 

Corn in  hills 8  to-  10  qts. 

Cucumber "        2  Ibs. 

Cress,  Water in  drills 2  to  3  Ibs. 

1 '       Upland  ....     "          2  to  3  Ibs. 

Egg-plant i  oz.  of  seed  for  1,000  plants.  . 

Kale,  or  Sprouts 3  to  4  Ibs. 

Lettuce i  oz.  of  seed  for  1,000  plants. . 

Melon,  Musk in  hills 2  to  3  Ibs. 

Water "        4  to  5  Ibs. 

Mustard broadcast ^  bu. 

Onion in  drills 5  to  6  Ibs. 

"      for  Sets "          30  Ibs. 

"      Sets "          6toi2bu. 

Parsnip "          4  to  6  Ibs. 

Peas "         i  to  2  bu. 

Potato  (cut  tubers) 7  bu . 


Seed  Tables.  77 

Quantity  of  Seed  required  to  Sow  an  Acre,  continued. 

Pumpkin  . in  hills 4  to  5  Ibs. 

Radish in  drills 8  to  10  Ibs 

Sage " 8  to  10  Ibs 

Salsify "  8  to  10  Ibs. 

Spinach "          10  to  12  Ibs. 

Squash,  Bush in  hills 4  to  6  Ibs. 

Running  . .     "        3  to  4  Ibs. 

Tomato to  transplant *£  Ib. 

Turnip in  drills i  to  2  Ibs. 

"       broadcast 3  to  4  ibs. 

Grass  (mixed  lawn) 2  to  4  bu. 

2.  Weight  and  Size  of  Garden  Seeds. 

Adapted  from  Vilmorirfs  tables. 

A  litre  is  about  if  pints,  and  a  gramme  is  i5f  grains. 

Weight  of  a  litre  of     Number  of  seeds 
seeds  in  grammes.  in  i  gramme. 

Angelica 150  170 

Anise 300  200 

Asparagus   Bean    (Dolichos   sesqiu- 

pedalis,  L.) 770  500  to  650 

Balm 550  2,  ooo 

Basil 530  800 

Bean   625  to  850  75  to  800  in  100  g. 

Beet 250  50 

Bolage 480  65 

Borecole 700  300 

Broccoli 700  375 

Cabbage 700  300 

Caper 460  160 

Caraway 420  350 

Cardoon 630  25 

Carrot  with  the  spines 240  700 

"       without  the  spines 360  950 

Catmint 780  1,200 


78  The  Horticulturist's  Rule-Book. 

Weight  and  Size  of  Garden  Seeds,  continued. 

Weight  of  a  litre,  of        Number  of  seed., 
seeds  in  grammes.  in  i  gramw. 

Cauliflower 700  375 

Celery 480  2, 500 

Chervil  , 380  450 

Sweet-scented 250  40 

"       Turnip-rooted 540  450 

Chicory 400  700 

Chick-pea 780  30  in  10  g. 

Coriander 320  go 

Corn-salad 280  1,000 

Cress,  American 540  950 

"'    Common  Garden 730  450 

"      Meadow  (Cuckoo-flower) ...  580  1,500 

Para 200  3,400 

Water     580  4,  ooo 

Cucumber,  Common   500  33 

Globe 500  100 

Prickly-fruited     Gher- 
kin   550  130 

Snake  (Cucumis  flexu- 

osus] 450  40 

Dandelion 270  i ,  200  to  i ,  500 

Dill 300  900 

Egg-plant 500  250 

Endive 340  600 

Fennel,  Common  or  Wild 450  310 

Sweet 235  125 

Gombo,  see  Okra. 

Good  King  Henry 625  430 

Gourds,  Fancy 450  20 

Hop 250  200 

Horehound 680  i ,  ooo 

Hyssop 575  850 

Kohl-rabi .-. .  700  300 

Leek, 550  400 


Seed  Tables.  79 

Weight  and  Size  of  Garden  Seeds,  continued. 

Weight  of  a  litre  of       Number  of  seeds 

seeds  in  grammes.  in  i  gramme. 

Lettuce 430  800 

Lovage 200  300 

Maize,  or  Indian  Corn   640  4  or  5 

Marjoram,  Sweet 550  4,000 

Winter 675  12,000 

Martynia 290  20 

Musk-melon  .  .  , .360  55 

Mustard,  Black  or  Brown 675  700 

"        Chinese  Cabbage-leaved  660  650 

White,  or  Salad 750  200 

Nasturtium,  Tall 340  7  to  8 

Dwarf 600  15 

Okra 620  15  to  18 

Onion 500  250 

Orach 140  250 

Pea 700  to  800  20  to  55  in  10  g. 

1 '    Gray  or  Field 680  to  800  50  to  80  in  10  g. 

Peanut 400  2  or  3 

Pepper 450  150 

Pumpkin 250  3 

Purslane 610  2, 500 

Radish 700  120 

Rampion 800  25,000 

Rhubarb 80  to  120  50 

Rocket  Salad   750  550 

Rosemary 400  900 

Rue 580  500 

Sage 55°  25O 

Salsify 230  100 

Savory,  Summer 500  1,500 

1 '        Winter 430  2, 500 

Scorzonera 260  90 

Scurvy-grass 600  1,500  to  1,800 

Sea-kale 210  15  to  18 


8o 


The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 


Weight  and  Size  of  Garden  Seeds,  continued. 

Weight  of  a  litre  of       Number  of  seeds 
seeds  in  grammes.  in  i  gramme. 

Spinach,  Prickly-seeded 375  90 

"         Round-seeded 510  no 

11         New  Zealand 225  iotoi2 

Squash,  Bush-scallop 430  10 

Strawberry 600  800  to  2, 500 

Elite  (Blitum) 800  5,000 

Tomato  (Phy satis] 650  1,000 

Sweet  Cicely   250  40 

Tansy 300  7,  ooo 

Thyme 680  6,  ooo 

Tomato 300  300  to  400 

Turnip 670  450 

Valerian,  African no  250 

Watermelon 460  5  or  6 

Wax  Gourd 300  2 1 

Welsh  Onion,  Common 480  300 

"               Early  White 590  500 

Wormwood 650  1 1 , 500 

3.    Number  of  Tree  Seeds  in  a  Pound. 

FRL.T    TREES. 

About 
Apple 12,000 

Cherry  Pits i ,  ooo 

Peach 200 

Pear 15,000 

Plum 600 

Quince 15,000 

Mulberry  ••*. 200,  ooo 

FOREST  TREES. 

By  count. 
Butternut Juglans  cinerea 15 

Black  Walnut Juglans  nigra 25 

American  Horse  Chestnut,  .^sculus  glabra 36 

Hickory  (Shell  Bark) Carya  alba 78 


Seed  Tables,  81 

Number  01  Tree  Seeds  in  a  Pound  (Forest  Trees),  continued. 

By  count, 
American  Sweet  Chestnut.  .Castanea  vesca go 

Silver-Leaved  Maple Acer  dascycarpum 2,421 

Honey  Locust Gleditschia'Lriacanthos  .  .  2,496 

Black  Cherry    Prunus  serotina 4.j3Ti 

Black  Ash Fraxinus  sambucifolia  .  .  .  5,629 

American  Basswood Tilia  Americana 6,337 

Norway  Maple Acer  platanoides 7,231 

Sugar  Maple Acer  saccharinum 7.488 

Berberry Berberis  vuigaris 8, 183 

Red  Cedar Juniperus  Virginiana   ....  8,321 

Rock  Elm Ulmus  racemosa 8, 352 

American  Whita  Ash Fraxinus  Americana.  .  .  .  9,858 

Osage  Orange Madura  aurantiaca 10,656 

Silver  Fir Abies  pectinata 12,000 

Box  Elder Acer  Negundo I4»784 

Hardy  Catalpa Catalpa  speciosa 19, 776 

Ailantus Ailantus  glandulosa 20,161 

White  Pine Pinus  Strobus 20, 540 

Scarlet  Maple Acer  rubrum 22,464 

Green  Ash Fraxinus  viridis     22,656 

Black  Locust Robinia  pseudacacia 28,992 

Red  Elm Ulmus  fulva 54, 359 

American  Whit3  Elm Ulmus  Americana 92,352 

American  Mountain  Ash.  .  .Pyrus  Americana 108,327 

White  Birch .Betula  alba 500,000 

4.    Longevity  of  Garden  Seeds. 

Adapted  from   Vilmorirfs  tables, 

The  number  denotes  that  the  seeds  had  not  all  lost  their 
germinating  power  at  the  termination  of  the  number  of   years 

recorded. 

AVERAGE    EXTREME 
Years,  tears. 

Angelica T  01  2  3 

Anise 3  5 

Asparagus  Bean  (Dolichos sesquipedalis,  L.). .  3 

R-6 


82  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Longevity  of  Garden  Seeds,  continued. 

AVERAGE 
years. 
Balm 4 

Basil 8  10  f 

Bean 3  8 

Beet 6  io-t- 

Borage 8  io-f- 

Borecole 5  10 

Broccoli 5  10 

Cabbage , 5  10 

Caraway 3  4 

Cardoon 7  9 

Carrot,  with  the  spines 4  or  5  10+ 

' '       without  the  spines 4  or  5  10+ 

Catmint 6  io-|- 

Cauliflower 5  10 

Celery 8  10 

Chervil 2  or  3  6 

Sweet-scented i  i 

' '       Turnip-rooted i  i 

Chicory  . .      8  lo-f 

Chick-pea 3  8 

Coriander 6  8 

Corn-salad,  Common 5  10 

Cress,  American 3  e; 

Common  Garden 5  9 

"      Meadow  (or  Cuckoo-flower) 4  (?) 

"      Par* 5  7+ 

' '      Water 5  9 

Cucumber,  Common 10  10+ 

Globe 6  (?) 

Prickly-fruited  Gherkin 6  7^- 

Snake  {Cucumis flexuosus) 7  or  8 

Dandelion 2 

M1 3 

Egg-plant 6 

Endive IO 


Seed  Tables.  83 

Longevity  of  Garden  Seeds,  continued. 

AVERAGK    EXTREME 

years.  years. 

Fennel,  Common  or  Wild 4  7 

' 4       Sweet 4  7 

Gombo,  see  Okra. 

Good  King  Henry 3  5 

Gourds,  Fancy 6  lo-j- 

Hop 2  4 

Horehound 3  6 

Hyssop 3  5 

Kohl-rabi 5  10 

Leek 3  9 

Lettuce,  Common 5  9 

Lovage 3  4 

Maize,  or  Indian  Corn 2  4 

Marjoram,  Sweet 3  7 

' '           Winter 5  7 

Marty nia i  or  2  (?) 

Musk-Melon , 5  io-f- 

Mustard,  Black  or  Brown 4  9 

"        Chinese  Cabbage-leaved 4  8 

"        White  or  Salad 4  10 

Nasturtium,  Tall 5  5 

Dwarf 5  8 

Ckra 5  lo-f- 

Onion 2  y 

Oiach 6  7 

Parsnip 2  4 

Parsley 3  9 

Pea,  Garden • 3  8 

• '    Gray  or  Field 3  8 

Pepper 4  7 

Pumpkin 4  or  5  9 

Purslane 7  10 

Radish , 5  JO-f- 

Rampion 5  JQ-f- 

Rhubarb 3  8 


84  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Longevity  of  Garden  Seeds,  continued. 

AVERAGE     EXTREME 

years.  years. 

Rocket  Salad 4  9 

Rosemary 4  (?) 

Rue 2  5 

Sage 3  7 

Salsify 2  8 

Savory,  Summer 3  7 

Winter 3  6 

Scorzonera 2  7 

Scurvy-grass 4  7 

Sea-kale ...  i  7 

Spinach,  Prickly-seeded 5  7 

1 '         Round-seeded 5  7 

' '         New  Zealand 5  8 

Squash,  Bush-scallop 6  lo-f 

Strawberry 3  6 

Tomato  (Phy  sails} 8  io4- 

Sweet  Cicely i  i 

Tansy 2  4 

Thyme 3  7 

Tomato    4  9 

Turnip 5  io-f- 

Valerian,  African 4  7 

Watermelon 6  10 

Wax  Gourd 10  lo-f- 

Welsh  Onion,  Common 2  or  3  7 

Early  White 3  8 

Wormwood 4  6 

t 

5.   Average  Time  required  for  Garden  Seeds  to  Germinate. 


Bean    6-10  days. 

Beet 7-10     " 

Cabbage 6-10     ' ' 

Carrot 12-18     " 

Cauliflower    6-10     " 


Celery 10-20     " 

Corn 5-8     " 

Cucumber 6-10     " 

Endive 5-10 

Lettuce 6-8  days. 


Seed  Tables.  85 

Average  Time  required  for  Garden  Seeds  to  Germinate,  continued. 

Onion 7-10  days.    I    Radish 3-6  days 

Pea 6-10     ' '  Salsify 7-12      ' ' 


Parsnip 10-20 

Pepper  9-13 


Tomato 6-12 

Turnip 4-8 


6.    Proper  Kinds  and  Quantities  of  Seeds  for  a   Model   En- 
glish Kitchen-garden  of  i  1-4  Acres  (London). 

Peas,  30  qts.  ;  white  cabbage  of  different  kinds,  6  ozs.  ;  Sa- 
voy cabbage,  i^  ozs.  ;  Brussels  sprouts,  2  ozs.  ;  cauli- 
flower, 3  ozs.  ;  broccoli,  7  ozs.  ;  borecole,  2  ozs.  ;  red 
cabbage,  i  oz.  ;  kohl-rabi,  i  oz.;  white  turnip,  8  ozs. ;  yel- 
low turnip,  2  ozs.;  early  potatoes,  i  bu.;  carrots,  7  ozs.; 
onions,  8  ozs. ;  broad  beans,  6  qts. ;  narrow  beans,  3  qts. ; 
kidney  beans,  3  qts.;  scarlet  runner  beans,  2  qts.;  celery, 
3  ozs.-  Flanders  spinach,  i  qt.;  summer  spinach,  2  qts  ; 
Jerusalem  artichoke,  i  pk. ;  red  beet,  4  ozs.;  parsnips,  4 
ozs.;  leeks,  2  ozs.;  garlic,  ^  Ib. ;  shallots,  3  Ibs. ;  salsify, 
YZ  oz.  ;  scorzonera,  ^  oz.;  Cos  lettuce,  5  ozs.;  cabbage 
lettuce,  3  ozs.;  endive,  2  ozs.  joradish,  3  pts. ;  cress,  i  pt. ; 
mustard,  i  qt. ;  parsley,  2  ozs. 


CHAPTER   X. 


PLANTING  TABLES. 

i.  Dates  for  Sowing  or  Setting  Kitchen  Garden  Vegetables  In 
Different   Latitudes. 

LANSING,   MICHIGAN. 

(Average  of  4  and  5  years.) 
Bean,  Bush May  16. 

Bean,  Pole May  30. 

Beet   April    20. 

Broccoli May  10. 

Brussels  Sprouts May  10. 

Cabbage,  early,  under  glass March  15. 

Cabbage,  late May  20. 

Carrot May  7. 

Cauliflower,  under  glass March  15. 

Celery,  under  glass March  18. 

in  open  ground May  20. 

Corn  May  19. 

Cucumber May  23. 

Egg- Plant,  under  glass March  15. 

Kale May  9. 

Kohl-rabi May  9. 

Lettuce May  5 . 

Melon May  30. 

Okra May  1 5 . 

Onion April  17. 

Parsnips May  7. 

Pepper,  under  glass March  16 

Peas April  15. 

(86) 


Planting  Tables.  87 

Dates  for  Sowing  or  Setting  Vegetables,  continued. 

Potato May  3. 

Pumpkin May  31. 

Radish April  26. 

Salsify May  7. 

Spinach April  10. 

Squash May  28. 

Tomato,  under  glass March  13. 

Turnip April  15. 

BOSTON.     (RAWSON.) 

Asparagus About  the  end  of  April. 

Bean,  Bush About  the  first  week  in  May. 

Bean,  Pole From  about  the  middle  of  May  to  the 

ist  of  June. 

Bean,  Lima About  the  ist  of  June. 

Beet About  the  middle  of  April. 

Borecole,  or  Kale About  the  middk,  of  April;  plant  out  in 

June. 

Brussels  Sprouts In  March  or  April  in  hot-bed. 

Cabbage Transplant  the  last  week  in  April  or  the 

first  in  May. 

Carrots Last  of  May  or  ist  of  June. 

Cauliflower From  the   ist  of  May  until   the   ist  of 

July. 

Celery The  ist  week  in  June  to  the  2d  in  July. 

Corn   Sweet About  the  ist   of  May. 

Cucumber For  first    crop,    about   the   middle   of 

March. 

Egg-Plant About  March  isth  in  hot-bed. 

Endive June  or  July. 

Kohl-rabi   May  or  Jun3. 

Okra About  the  loth  of  May. 

Peas During  the:  last   of  April  up  to  the  ist 

of  May. 
Pepper Put  out  of  doors  about  the  ist  of   April. 


88  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Dates  for  Sowing  or  Setting  Vegetables,  continued. 

Radish From  the  ist   of  April  to  the  middle  of 

June. 

Spinach About  the  ist  of  September. 

Tomato About  the  25th  of  May   set  plants  out 

doors. 

Turnips,  for  fall  use  .  .Any  time  from  July  ist  to  August  2oth. 
Watermelon About  the  middle  of  May. 

NEW  YORK.     (HENDERSON.) 

Plants  to  sow  from  the  middle  of  March  to  the  end  of  April.      Thermom- 
eter in  the  shade  averaging  45  degrees. 

,     Beet.  Cauliflower.  Parsley. 

Carrot.  Endive.  Peas. 

Cress.  Kale.  Radish. 

Celery.  Lettuce.  Spinach. 

Cabbage.  Onions.  Turnip. 

Parsnip. 

From  the  middle  of   May  to   the  middle  of  June.     Thermometer  in  the 
shade  averaging  60  degrees. 


Bean,  Bush. 
Bean,  Cranberry. 
Bean,  Lima. 
Bean,  Pole. 
Bean,  Scarlet. 

Bean,  Runner. 
Corn,   Sweet, 
Cucumber. 
Melon,    Musk. 
Melon,  Water. 

Nasturtium. 
Okra. 
Pumpkin. 
Squash. 
Tomato. 

GEORGIA.     (OEMLER.) 

Asparagus From  December   ist   to  the  middle  of  March. 

Bean,  Bush  .  . .  .From  the  ist  to  the  middle  of  March. 

Beet Through  November  and  December. 

Cabbage From  the  ist  of  October  to  the  i5th.  Trans- 
plant about  November  ist  and  later. 

Cauliflower  .  . .  .From  May  to  September. 

Cucumber About  March  ist  to  the  i5th. 

Egg-Plant To  prick  out,  about  the  middle  of  January; 

otherwise  ten  or  fifteen  days  later. 


Planting  Tables.  89 

Dates  for  Sowing  or  Setting  Vegetables,  continued. 
Lettuce  ........  About  the  middle  of  September. 

Onion  .........  About  January  ist. 

Pea  ...........  About  December  ist. 

Potato.  ........  The  ist  of   February. 

Radish  ........  From  Christmas  to  the  last  of  February. 

Spinach  .......  From  September  loth  until  October  i5th. 

Squash  ........  About  the  last  of  February  up  to  the   middle 

of  March. 

Sweet-Potato.  .  .In  cold-frames,  about  the  ist  of  January. 
Tomato  ........  About  January  ist. 

Watermelon  .  .  .About  the  i5th  of  March. 

a.    Tender  and  Hardy  Vegetables. 

Vegetables  injured  by  a  slight  frost,  and  which  should  therefore  be 
planted  only  after  the  weather  has  settled. 

All  Beans.  Egg-Plant.  Pumpkin. 

Corn.  All  Melons.  Squash. 

Cucumber.  Okra.  Sweet  Potato. 

Pepper.  Tomato. 

Vegetables  which,  when  properly  handled,  will  endure  a  frost. 


Asparagus. 
Beet. 
Borecole. 

Corn  Salad. 
Cress. 
Endive. 

Parsley. 
Parsnip, 
Pea. 

Broccoli. 

Horseradish. 

Radish. 

Brussels  Sprouts. 
Cabbage. 
Carrot.  - 

Kale. 
Kohl-rabi. 
Leek. 

Rhubarb. 
Salsify. 
Sea  Kale. 

Cauliflower. 
Celery. 

Lettuce. 
All  Onions. 

Spinach. 
Turnip. 

3.    Usual    Distances   Apart    for    Planting  Fruits. 

Apples  ...........................    30  to  40  feet   each  way. 

"     Dwarf  .....................  10     "       "         " 

Pears  .........    ..................    20    "    30     "        "         " 

"     Dwarf.  .  .    10    "    12     "        "         '• 


QO  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Usual  Distances  Apart  ior  Planting  Fruits,  continued. 

Plums 16  to  20  feet  each  way. 

Peaches 16    "    20     "       ' '         " 

Cherries 16    "    25     "       "        " 

Apricots 16    "    20 

Nectarines 16    "    20     "       "        " 

Quinces 8    "    12     "       "         " 

Grapes 8    "    12     "      .  "         " 

Currants 4X     5  feet 

Gooseberries 4X     5     u 

Raspberries,  Black 3X     6     " 

Red ...  3X5" 

Blackberries 4X     7to6X8  feet- 
Cranberries  i  or  2  ft.  apart  each  way. 

Strawberries ...  i   X     3  or  4  feet. 

Oranges  and  Lemons 25  to  30  feet   each  way. 

Figs 20   ' '  25     " 

Mulberries 25    "   30     " 

Japanese  Persimmons 20   "  25     "         "        " 

Loquats 15    "  25     "         " 

Pecans 35    "  40     "         "        " 

Distances  Recommended  for  Orange  Trees  in  California. 

Dwarfs,  as  Tangerines ,    10  to  12  feet. 

Half-Dwarfs,  as  Washington  Novel  24  "   30     " 
Mediterranean  Sweet,  Maltese  Blood, 

Valencia 24  "   30     ' ' 

St.  Michael 18  "   24     " 

Seedlings 30  "  40     " 

4.    Usual  Distance  Apart  for  Planting  Vegetables. 

Artichoke  . . Rows  3  or  4  ft.   apart,   2  to  3  ft.  apart  in 

the  row. 
Asparagus Rows  3  to  4  ft.  apart,  i  to  2  ft.  apart  in  the 

row. 

Beans,  Bush i  ft.  apart  in  rows  2  to  3  ft.  apart. 

"      Pole 3  to  4  ft.  each  way. 


Planting  Tables.  91 

Usual  Distance  Apart  for  Planting  Vegetables,  continued. 

Beet,  early In  drills  12  to  18  in.  apart. 

' '     late In  drills  2  to  3  ft.  apart. 

Broccoli \y2  X  2^  ft.  to  2  X  3  ft. 

Cabbage,  early.  .  .  .  16  X  28  in.  to  18  X  3°  in* 
late 2  X  3ft.  to  2^  X3^  ft. 

Carrot In  drills  i  to  2  ft.  apart. 

Cauliflower 2  X  2  ft.  to  2  X  3  ft- 

Celery Rows  3  to  4  ft.  apart,  6  to  9  in.  in  the  row 

Corn-Salad In  drills  12  to  18  in.  apart. 

Corn,  Sweet Rows  3  to   3^  ft.  apart,  9  in.  to  2  ft.  in 

the  row. 

Cress In  drills  10  to  12  in.  apart. 

Cucumber 4  to  5  ft.  each  way. 

Egg-Plant 3X3ft. 

Endive i  X  *  ft.  to  i  X  ^/2  ft. 

Horseradish i  X  2  or  3  f t. 

Kohl-rabi 10  X  *8  in.  to  i  X  2  ft. 

Leek 6  in.  X  i  or  i>£  ft.          , 

Lettuce i  X  i/^  or  2  ft. 

Melons,  Musk 5  to  6  ft.  each  way. 

"         Water 7  to  8  ft.  each  way. 

Mushroom 6  to  8  in.  each  way. 

Okra T.l/2  X  2  or  3  ft. 

Onion In  drills  from  14  to  20  in.  apart. 

Parsley    In  drills  i  or  2  ft.  apart. 

Parsnip   In  drills  18  in.  to  3  ft.  apart. 

Peas In   drills,    early    kinds  usually  in  double 

rows  6  to  9   in.  apart,    late   kinds  in 
single  rows  2  to  3  ft.  apart. 

Pepper 15  to  18  in.  X  2  to  2^  ft. 

Potato 10  to  18  in.  X  2/^  to  3  ft. 

Pumpkin 8  to  10  ft.  each  way. 

Radish In  drills  10  to  18  in.  apart. 

Rhubarb 2  to  4  ft.  X  4  ft. 

Salsify In  drills  ij^  to  2  ft.  apart. 


92  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 


Us 

Se 

Si 
Sq 

Sv 
Tc 
Ti 

5- 

I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
3 

ual  Dii 
a  Kale 
)inach 
[uash, 

/eet-P< 
)mato 

jtance  Apart  for  PI 

.  .2    V   2 

antin 
to  3  1 
Is  12 

ft.  X 

ft.  ea 
[3  to 
[4  to 

.Is  I'/: 

g  Vegetabl 

to  18  in.  a 
4  ft. 
tch  way. 
4  ft. 
5ft. 

t   to  2>/i   ft. 

es,  continued, 
part. 

,  apart. 
n  Acre  of  Groum 

Plai 
5  in                ^18 

i  at 

tits. 
175 

697 
360 
320 
088 
080 
240 
040 
632 
360 

022 
O2O 
240 

816 
560 

680 

905 

088 

218 
816 
392 
452 
048 

544 

Bush  .  .  , 
Late 

..In  dril 
...3  to  4 
6  to  8 

)tato  .... 

..2ft.  X 

.  .4  ft.  X 

irnip  . 
Numl 

in.  X 

'''    X 
"    X 
"    X 

''*  X 
"  X 
"   X 
"  X 
"  X 
"  X 
"  X 
11  X 
"  X 
"  X 
"  X 
"  X 
"  X 
"  X 
"  X 
"  X 

"  X 
"  X 
"  X 
"  X 

,  ..In  dril 

3er  ef  PI 

i  in  .  . 

2    '  ' 

Given  Dia 

Plants. 
.  .  .6,272,640 
3136  3?.n 

itances. 

3    in.  X 
3     "    X 
3     "    X 
3     "    X 
3     "    X 

3     "    X 
3     "    X 
4      "    X 
4     "    X 

4     "    X 
4      "    X 
4     "    X 
4     "    X 

4       '    X 
4       '    X 
4     "    X 
5     "    X 
5     "    X 
5     "    X 
5     "    X 
5      "    X 
5      "    X 
5      "    X 
5     "    X 

6   "... 

7    " 

2Q8 

2  090 

880 
1  60 
528 
440 
091 
080 
960 
269 
240 
720 
1  60 

44° 
080 
264 
720 

045 
040 
480 
632 

120 
360 
960 
720 

,, 

I    c68 

8   "   ... 
9   "... 

12    "    ... 
4'  '    . 

..      26l, 
.       232, 
.  .       209, 
•       190, 

•  •       174, 
3Q2 

" 

.  .  1,254, 

6   "    .  . 

.  .  1  ,  04  5  , 

7    '  ' 

.  .  .      896, 

8   " 

784 

9'  ' 

6q6 

10  "   .  . 

627 

5    "    . 

12    " 

.  .  .      570, 
522 

6  "   ... 

26l 

7    "    . 

224 

2    "    .  . 

.  .1,568 

8   "   ... 

1  06 

a   **   . 

.     I   O45 

9"    . 

174 

.      784 

10  '  ' 

156 

5*  ' 

627 

12    " 

•  •       142, 
I3O 

6   " 

522 

7   "   •• 
8  "   .  . 

...      448, 

OQ2 

5   "". 
6   "... 

7    '  ' 

-  -       250, 
.  .       2O9, 
I7Q 

9'  '   . 

348 

10  '  '    .  . 

8   "... 
9  "... 
10  "    ... 

12    "     ... 

-•       156, 
•       139, 
•  •       125, 
..       II4, 
.  .       104, 

12     " 

3   "    •• 
4   "    .  . 

...          285, 
.    .    .          26l, 
...         696, 
•    •    •          522, 

Planting   Tables.  93 

Number  of  Plants  to  an  Acre  at  Given  Distances,  continued. 


Plants. 

Plants. 

g 

in    V    6 

in               174  240 

12 

in.  X  12 

in                43  ^60 

6 

in.  /\     ^> 
"   X    7 

"   149,348 

12 

"   X  15 

"   ....       34.848 

6 

"    X    8 

"    ....     130,680 

12 

"    X  18 

"   ....       29,040 

6 

"   X    9 

"   ....     116,160 

12 

11     X   20 

"   ....       26,136 

6 

"    X  10 

"   104,544 

12 

*     \  X2« 

"  or  2  ft.  21,  780 

6 

"    X  ii 

11   95-040 

on 

ft.   ) 

6 

"     X   12 

"     ....          87,  120 

12 

in.  X  30 

"   ....       17,424 

7 

"    X    7 

"     ....       I28,OI3 

12 

"    X36 

"  or  3  ft.  14,520 

7 

"    X    8 

11     ....       112,01  I 

12 

"    X42 

11   ....       12,446 

7 

"    X    9 

•'     99,562 

12 

"    X48 

"  or  4  ft.  10,890 

7 

"    X  10 

"     ....          89,609 

12 

"    X54 

"   9,680 

7 

"  X  ii 

"     81,462 

12 

11    X6o 

"  or  5  ft.   8,712 

7 

"     X  12 

"     74,674 

15 

"  X  15 

"   ....       27,878 

8 

"    X    8 

"     ....          g8,OIO 

15 

"    Xi8 

"   23,232 

8 

"    X    9 

"     ....          87,120 

15 

"     X20 

"   ....       20,908 

8 

"    X  10 

"     78,408 

15 

"     X24 

"  or  2  ft.  17,  424 

8 

"  X  ii 

"     ....          71,280 

15 

"    X3o 

"   13.939 

8 

"     X   12 

"     65,340 

15 

;       X36 

"  or  3  ft.  11,616 

9 

"    X    9 

"     ....          77,440 

15 

"    X42 

"   -•••         9.953 

9 

"    X  10 

"     ....          69,696 

*5 

"    X48 

"  or  4  ft.   8,712 

9 

"  X  ii 

11     ....          63,360 

15 

"    X54 

11   ••••         7.744 

9 

"     X   12 

"     58,080 

15 

"    X6o 

"  or  5  ft.   6,969 

10 

"    X  10 

"     ....          62,726 

18 

"    X  18 

"   ....       19,360 

10 

"     X   12 

"     ....          52,272 

18 

"     X20 

"   ....       17.424 

1  1 

"  X  15 

"     ....          41.817 

18 

"     X24 

"  or  2  ft.  14,  520 

10 

"    X  18 

"     ....          34.848 

18 

"    X30 

"   ....       11,616 

10 

"     X  20 

"     3L362 

18 

"    X36 

"  or  3  ft.   9,680 

10 

"     X24 

"  or  2  £1.26,132 

18 

11    X42 

11   8,297 

IO 

"    X30 

"   ....       20,908 

18 

"    X48 

"  or  4  ft.   7,260 

IO 

"    X36 

"  or  3  ft.  17,424 

18 

11    X54 

"   ....         6,453 

10 

"    X42 

"   14,935 

18 

"    X6o 

"  or  5  ft.   5,808 

10 

"    X48 

"  or  4  ft.  13,068 

20 

"     X20 

"   15.681 

10 

"    X54 

"   ....       11,616 

20 

11    X24 

"  or  2  ft.  13,168 

IO 

"    X6o 

"  or  5  ft.  10,  454 

20 

"    X30 

41   ....       10,454 

94  I  he  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Nnxttber  of  Plants  to  an  Acre  at  Given  Distances,  continued. 


V     ^fi  in 

Plants, 
or  ^  f  t     8  712 

0 

f  t  y   Q  f  t  . 

20     '  ' 

V       A'i     " 

7  467 

o 

"  y  10  "  . 

20     '  ' 

A     4Z 
V     /i8    " 

or  A  ft     6  ^^A 

0 

"  y  ii  "  . 

20     '  ' 

V     t;/i    " 

s  308 

"  y  12  "  . 

20    '  ' 

A      D4 
V     60   " 

or  5  ft     5  227 

"  y    4  "  . 

I  ft 

X    i  ft 

43.  ^60 

4 

"  y    s  "  • 

I     *  ' 

V        2     " 

21  780 

4" 

"  y   6  "  . 

I     '  ' 

V     3    " 

Id.  ^20 

"  y   7  "  . 

•J      '  ' 

V       A     " 

10  890 

"  y   s  "  . 

I      '  ' 

V     <?    " 

8  712 

"  y   o  "  • 

I     '  ' 

y     6  " 

7  260 

"  X  10  '•   

I     '  ' 

V      7    " 

6  223 

"  X  n    "   

I      '  ' 

y   8  " 

544.C 

"    X    12    "     

I     '  ' 

V     o  *' 

484O 

c 

"  y   §  *•-. 

I      '  ' 

V   10   " 

40  c5 

"  y  6  " 

I     '  ' 

X   ii   " 

3  Q6o 

c 

"  y  7  "  . 

I     '  ' 

V    12    " 

3.63O 

c 

"X     8   "   

2    '  ' 

X      2    " 

10  890 

c 

"  y  Q  "  . 

2    '  ' 

X     ^  " 

7,260 

c 

"  X  10  "   

2    '  ' 

V      4    " 

544s? 

11  y  ii  " 

2    " 

V      c    '•' 

4.  3a>6 

c 

"    X    12    "    

2    " 

X     6  " 

3,63O 

6 

"X     6  "   

2    '  ' 

X     7    " 

3  III 

6 

11  y  ?  " 

2    '  ' 

y     8  " 

2  722 

6 

"  y   s  " 

2    '  ' 

X      Q    " 

>  .  .  .              2  42O 

6 

"  y  Q  " 

2    " 

V  10  " 

2  178 

fi 

"  y  10  " 

2    '  ' 

y  ii  " 

I  Q8o 

6 

"  y  ii  " 

2    " 

y  12  " 

I  8l«? 

(S 

"  y  12  " 

_    « 

y   ^  " 

4840 

7 

"  y   7  "  . 

-    « 

y   4  " 

363O 

7 

"  y   s  "  . 

~    " 

y   s  "  . 

7 

"  y  Q  "  • 

3   " 

_   « 

X     6   ••   , 

y   ?  "  . 

.  .  .  .  .           2,42O 
2  ®74 

7 

7 

"  X  10  V   

"  y  ii  "  . 

3   " 

y   s  ••  , 

I.SlS 

7 

u  y  12  •'  . 

Planting  Tables.  95 

Number  of  Plants  to  an  Acre  at  Given  Distances,  continued. 

Plants  Plants. 


8ft. 

X  8  ft  

680 

12  ft. 

X  48  ft  

75 

8  " 

X  9  "  

....  605 

12  " 

X  54  "  

....  67 

8  " 

X  10  "  

544 

12  " 

X  60  ••  

60 

8  " 

X  ii  "  .... 

495 

15  " 

X  15  "  

193 

8  " 

X  12  "  

••••  453 

15  " 

X  18  "  

161 

9  " 

X  9  "  .... 

....  537 

15  " 

X  20  "  

—  145 

9  " 

X  10  "  

....  484 

15  " 

X  24  "  

....   121 

9  " 

X  ii  "  

....  440 

15  " 

X  30  "  

....  96 

9  " 

X  12  "  

....  4P3 

15  " 

X  36  "  

80 

9  " 

X  14  M  

••••  345 

15  " 

X  42  "  

69 

9  " 

X  15  "  

....  322 

15  " 

X  48  "  

60 

9  " 

X  18  "  

....  268 

15  " 

X  54  "  

53 

9  " 

X  20  "  

....  242 

15  " 

X  60  ••  

48 

10  " 

X  10  "  

••••  435 

18  r< 

X  18  "  

...  134 

10  " 

X  12'"  

....  363 

18  " 

X  20  "  

....   121 

IO  " 

X  15  "  

....  290 

18  " 

X  24  "  

....  100 

IO  " 

X  18  •'  

....  242 

18  " 

X  30  "  

....  80 

10  " 

X  20  «'  

....  217 

18  " 

X  36  "  

....  67 

10  " 

X  24  "  

181 

18  " 

X  42  "  

57 

10  " 

X  30  "  

....  145 

18  " 

X  48  "  

50 

IO  " 

X  36  "  

121 

18  " 

X  54  "  

44 

IO  " 

X  42  "  

....  103 

18  " 

X  60  "  

....   40 

IO  " 

X  45  "  

....   96 

20  " 

X  20  "  

....  108 

IO  " 

X  48  "  

....   90 

2O  " 

X  24  "  

90 

10  " 

X  54  "  

....   80 

2O  " 

X  30  "  

....   72 

IO  " 

X  60  "  

....   72 

20  " 

X  36  "  

60 

12  " 

X  12  "  

....  302 

2O  " 

X  42  "  

51 

12  " 

X  15  (<  

....  242 

3O  " 

X  48  "  

....   45 

12  " 

X  18  "  

....  2OI 

2O  " 

X  54  "  

....   40 

12  " 

X  20  "  

....  181 

ao  " 

X  60  "  

....   36 

12  " 

X  24  "  

....  151 

24  " 

X  24  "  

....   75 

12  " 

X  30  "  

121 

24  " 

X  30  "  

60 

12  " 

X  36  "  

....   100 

24  " 

X  36  "  

....   50 

12  " 

X42  "  

....   86 

24  " 

X  42  "  

....   43 

96  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Number  of  Plants  to  an  Acre  at  Given  Distances,  continued. 

Plants. 


Plants. 

24  ft. 

X  48  ft  

•  •  •  -   37 

36  ft. 

X  54 

24  " 

X  54  "  

•  •  •  -   33 

36  " 

X  60 

24  " 

X  60  "  

.  .  .  .   30 

42  " 

X  42 

30  " 

X  30  "  

.  .  .  .   48 

42  " 

X  48 

30  " 

X  36  "  

40 

42  " 

X  54 

30  " 

X  42  "  

34 

42  " 

X  60 

30  " 

X  48  "  

.  .  .  .   30 

48  " 

X  48 

30  " 

X  54  "  

.  .  .  .   26 

48  " 

X  54 

30  » 

X  60  "   ... 

.  .  .  .   24 

48  " 

X  60 

36  " 

X  36  "  

•  •  •  •   33 

54  " 

X  54 

36  ," 

X  42  "  

28 

54  " 

X  60 

36  " 

X  48  "  

25 

60  " 

X  60 

20 

24 
21 

19 
I? 

18 
16 
15 
J4 
13 

12 


CHAPTER   XL 


MATURITIES,   YIELDS    AND    MULTIPLICATION. 

1.  Time  Required  for  Maturity  of   Different  Garden   Crops, 

Reckoned  from  the  Sowing  of  the  Seeds. 

Beans,  String 45-  60  days  from  seed. 

Shell 65-  70  " 

Beets,  Turnip 65  "        "        " 

Long  Blood iso 

Cabbage,  Early 105  "        "        " 

Late     150  "        "        " 

Cauliflower .no  "        "        " 

Corn 75 

Egg-Plant 150-160  ' 

Lettuce 65  "        "        " 

Melon,  Water 120-140  "        ' '        " 

"       Musk 120-140  "        •"        " 

Onion 135-160 ' 

Pepper 140-150  " 

Radish 30-  45  "        "        " 

Squash,  Summer 60-  65 

'        Winter 125  "        "        " 

Tomatoes 150  "        "        ' 

Turnips     60  "        "        " 

2.  Time   Required,  from  Setting,  for  Fruit  plants  to  Bear. 

Apple — 3  years      Good  crop  in  about  10  years. 
Blackberry — i  year.     Good  crops  in  2  and  3  years. 
Citrus  fruits  (oranges,  lemons,  etc.) — 2  to  3  years.       Good 
crops  in  2  or  3  years  later. 

R-7  (97) 


98  The  Horticulturist 's  Rule- Book. 

Time  required,  from  Setting,  for  Fruit  Plants  to  Bear,  continued. 
Cranberry — 3  years  gives  a  fair  crop. 
Currant — i  year.     Good  crop  in  2  and  3  years. 
Gooseberry — i  year.     Good  crop  in  2  and  3  years. 
Grape — Fair  crop  in  4  years. 
Peach — 2  years.     Good  crop  in  4  years, 
Pear — 3  or  4  years.     Fair  crop  in  12  years. 
Persimmon,  or  Kaki — i  to  3  years. 
Quince — 2  years.     Good  crop  in  4  years. 
Raspberry — i  year.     Good  crops  in  2  and  3  years. 
Plum — 3  years.     Good  crop  in  5  or  6  years. 
Strawberry — i  year.     Heaviest  crop  usually  in  2  years. 

3.    Average    Profitable    Longevity  of  Fruit   Plants    under   High 
Culture. 


Apple 25~4°  years. 

Blackberry 12-15      ' ' 

Currant 20     " 

Gooseberry 20     " 

Orange    and    Lemon,    50    or 
more. 


Pear 5°~75  years. 

Persimmon,  or  Kaki,  as  long 
as  an  apple  tree. 

Plum 20-25     " 

Raspberry 12-15      " 

Strawberry 3     " 


Peach  .    8-12 

4.  Average  Yields  Per  Acre  of  Various  Crops. 

The  yields  of  those  crops  in  which  the  salable  products  are 
equal  in  number  to  the  number  of  plants  per  acre,  and  in 
which  the  product  is  sold  by  the  piece,  are  to  be  calculated 
from  the  planting  tables  in  Chapter  X.  Such  are  cabbage,  cel- 
ery, and  the  like. 

Apples — A  tree  20  to  30  years  old  may  be  expected  to  yield 
from  25  to  40  bus.  every  alternate  year. 

Artichoke — 200  to  300  bus. 

Beans,  Green  or  Snap — 75  to  120  bus. 

•     "  '    Lima — 75  to  100  bu.  of  dry  beans. 

Beet — 400  to  700  bus. 

Carrots — 400  to  700  bus. 

Corn — 50-75  bus.,  shelled. 


Maturities,   Yields  and  Multiplication.  99 

Average  Yields  per  Acre  of  Various  Crops,  continued. 

Cranberry — 100  to  300  bus.     goo  bus.  have  been  reported. 

Cucumber — About  150,000  fruits  per  acre. 

Currant — 100  bus. 

Egg-Plant — One  or  two  large  fruits  to  the  plant  for  the  large 
sorfes  like  New  York  Purple,  and  from  three  to  eight  fruits  for 
the  smaller  varieties. 

Gooseberry — 100  bus. 

Grape— 3  to  5  tons.  Good  raisin  vineyards  in  California,  15 
years  old,  will  produce  from  10  to  12  tons. 

Horse-radish — 3  to  5  tons. 

Kohl-rabi — 500  to  1,000  bus. 

Onion,  from  seed — 300  to  800  bus.  600  bus.  is  a  large  aver- 
age yield. 

Parsnips — 500  to  800  bus. 

Pea,  green,  in  pod — 100  to  150  bus. 

Peach — In  full  bearing,  a  peach  tree  should  produce  from 
5  to  10  bus. 

Pear— A  tree  20  or  25  years  old  should  give  from  25  to  45  bus. 

Pepper — 30,000  to  50,000  fruits. 

Plum —  5  to  8  bus.  may  be  considered  an  average  crop  for 
an  average  tree. 

Potato — 100  to  300  bus. 

Quince — 200  to  400  bus. 

Raspberry  and  Blackberry — 50  to  100  '  us. 

Salsify — 200  to  300  bus. 

Spinach — 200  barrels. 

Strawberry — 75  to  250,  or  even  300  bus 

Tomato — 8  to  16  tons. 

Turnip — 600  to  1,000  bus. 


ioo  The  Horticulturist's  Rule-Book. 


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Maturities,   Yields  and  Multiplication.         101 

6.     Ways  of  Grafting  and   Budding.     (Baltet.) 

GRAFTING  WITH  UNDETACHED  SCIONS.     (INARCHING). 

i. — Method  by  veneering. 

"          "  inlaying. 
English  method. 

2. — Inarching  with  an  eye.  *     •  '  .     • 

' '     a  branch. 

GRAFTING  WITH  DETACHED 
i. — Side-grafting  under  the  bark. 

"  "       with  a  simple  branch. 

"  "       with  a  heeled  branch. 

11       in  the  alburnum. 
"       with  a  straight  cleft, 
with  an  oblique  cleft. 
2. — Crown-grafting. 
Ordinary  method. 
Improved  method. 
3. — Grafting  de  precision. 

Veneering,  common  method. 

in  crown-grafting. 
"  with  strips  of  bark. 

Crown-grafting  by  inlaying. 
Side-grafting  by  inlaying. 
4. — Cleft-grafting,  common  single. 
"  "  "       double. 

"          oblique, 
terminal. 

"       wcody. 

"  "  "       heibaceous. 

5. — Whip-grafting,   simple. 

"          "  complex. 

Saddle-grafting. 
6. — Mixed-grafting. 

Grafting  with  cuttings. 
When  the  scion  is  a  cutting. 


102  The  Horticulturist's  Rule-Book. 

Ways  of  Grafting-  and  Budding,  continued. 
When  the  stock  is  a  cutting 
When  both  are  cuttings. 
Root-grafting  of  a  plant  on  its  own  root. 

"         "  "  "       the  roots  of  another  plant. 

Graft'Dg  w.th  fruit  buds. 

BUD-GRAFTING.     (BUDDING.) 

i. — Grvfripg  with  shield-buds. 

Bud-grafting  under  the  bark,  or  by  inoculation. 
"         "        ordinary  method. 
14          "        with  a  cross-shaped  incision. 

"  "     the  incision  reversed. 

1         "        by  veneering. 

Bud-grafting,  the  combined  or  double  method. 
2 .  — Flute-grafting. 

"          "         common  method. 
'          "          with  strips  of  bark. 

7.  Particular  Methods  by  which  Various  FruUs  arc  Multiplied. 

Barberry Cuttings  of  mature  wocd;  seeds., 

Orange Seeds  ;  seedlings  budded  or  grafted. 

Figs Cuttings,  either  of  soft  or  mature  wood. 

Mulberry Cuttings  of    mature   wood.      Some   varieties 

are  root-grafted. 
Olive Cuttings  of  mature  or  even  old  wood.     Chips 

from  the  trunk  of  old  trees  are  sometimes 

used. 

Pomegranate. .  .Cuttings,  layers  and  seeds. 
Apple  and  Pear. Seeds  ;  seedlings  budded  or  grafted. 
Peach  and  other  stone  fruits — 

Seeds  ;  seedlings  budded. 

Quince Cuttings  usually. 

Grape Cuttings  of  from  one  to  three  buds  ;  layers. 

Currant  and  Gooseberry — 

Cuttings. 
Raspberries,  red. Suckers  from  the  root  ;  root  cuttings. 


Maturities,  Yields  and  Multiplication.         103 

Particular  Methods  by  which  Fruits  are  Multiplied,  continued. 
Raspberries,  bl'k.  .Layers  from  tips  of  canes  ;  root  cuttings. 

Blackberry Root  cuttings  ;  suckers  from  the  root. 

Cranberry Layers  or  divisions. 

Strawberry Runners  ;  tip  cuttings. 

8.    Stocks  Used  for  Various  Fruits. 

Almond Peach,  hard-shelled  almond,  plum. 

Apple Common  apple  seedlings,  Paradise  and 

Doucin  stocks,  crab-apple  and  wild 
crab. 

Apricot Apricot  and  peach  in  mild  climates  and 

plum  in  severe  ones. 

Cherry Mazzard  stocks  are  preferred  for  stand- 
ards ;  Mahaleb  stocks  are  used  for 
dwarfing. 

Medlar Hawthorn,  medlar,  quince. 

Mulberry Seedlings  of  white  mulberry. 

Orange Otaheite  orange,  shaddock  ;  Limonia 

trifoliata,  particularly  for  dwarfs. 

Peach  and  Nectarine.  .Peach.  Plum  is  often  used  when 
dwarfs  are  wanted,  or  when  the 
peach  must  be  grown  in  a  too  se- 
vere climate  or  upon  heavy  soil. 

Pear Pear ;  quince,  mountain  ash,  or  thorn 

for  dwarfs.  Apple  temporarily. 

Persimmon,  Japanese    Native  persimmon. 

Plum Plum,  Myrobalan  plum,  peach. 

Quince The  finer  varieties  are  sometimes 

grafted  upon  strong  growing  kinds 
like  the  Angers. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


METHODS  OF  KEEPING  AND    STORING   FRUITS  AND 

VEGETABLES. 
Apples. — 

1.  Keep  the  fruit  as  cool  as  possible  without  freezing. 
Select  only  normal  fruit,  and  place  it  upon  trays  in  a  moist 
but  well  ventilated  cellar.     If    it  is  desired  to  keep  the 
fruit  particularly  nice,  allow  no  fruits  to  touch  each  other 
upon  the  trays,  and  the  individual  fruits  may  be  wrapped 
in  tissue  paper.     For  market  purposes,    pack   tightly  in 
barrels,  and  store  the  barrels  in  a  very  cool  place. 

2.  Some  solid  apples,  like  Spitzenberg,  are  not  injured 
by  hard  freezing,  if  they  are  allowed   to   remain  frozen 
until  wanted  and  are  then  thawed  out  very  gradually. 

3.  Many   apples,   particularly    russets   and    other    firm 
varieties,  keep  well  when  buried  after  the  manner  of  pit- 
ting  potatoes.     Sometimes,   however,    they    taste    of    the 
earth.     This  may  be  prevented  by  setting  a  ridge  pole 
over  the  pile  of  apples  in  forked  sticks,  and  making  a  roof 
of  boards  in  such  manner  that  there  will  be  an  air  space 
over  the  fruit.     Then  cover  the  boards  with   straw  and 
earth.     Apples  seldom  keep  well  after  removal  from  a  pit 
in  spring. 

4.  Apples  may  be   kept  by  burying  in  chaff.      Spread 
chaff — buckwheat-chaff  is  good — on  the  barn  floor,  pile  on 
the  apples  and  cover  them  with  chaff  and  fine  broken  or 
chopped  straw  two  feet  thick,  exercising  care  to  fill  the 
interstices 

(104) 


Keeping  and  Storing  Fruits  and  Vegetables.    105 

Pears. — Pears  should  be  picked  several  days  or  a  couple 
weeks  before  they  are  ripe,  and  then  placed  in  a  dry  and 
well  ventilated  room,  like  a  chamber.  Make  very  shallow 
piles,  or,  better,  place  on  trays. 

Figs. — After  the  figs  are  gathered  and  dried  in  the  same 
way  as  peaches  or  apricots,  wash  to  remove  all  grit,  and 
spread  on  shallow  pans  and  set  them  in  the  oven  to  be- 
come thoroughly  heated,  taking  care  to  prevent  scorching. 
Then  roll  in  powdered  sugar,  which  has  been  rolled  to 
remove  all  lumps.  When  cold,  pack  away,  preferably  in 
paper  bags.  They  make  a  delicious  lunch  with  a  bowl  of 
milk.  They  also  help  to  make  a  nice  dessert. 

Gooseberries  keep  well  if  kept  tight  in  common  bottles 
filled  with  pure  water.  Be  sure  that  none  but  perfect 
berries  are  Admitted,  and  keep  in  a  cool  place. 

Grapes. — 

i.  The  firm  grapes  usually  keep  best,  as  Ca- 
tawba,  Vergennes,  Niagara,  Diana,  Jefferson,  etc.  Thick- 
ness of  skin  does  not  appear  to  be  correlated  with  good 
keeping  qualities.  Always  cut  the  bunches  which  are  to 
be  stored  on  a  dry  day,  when  the  berries  are  ripe,  and 
carefully  remove  all  soft,  bruised  or  imperfect  fruits  and 
all  leaves.  Keep  the  fruit  dry,  cool,  and  away  from  cur- 
rents of  air.  Many  varieties  keep  well  if  simply  placed 
in  shallow  boxes  or  baskets  and  kept  undisturbed  in  a  cool 
place. 

2.  Pack  the  bunches  in  layers  of  dry  clean  sand. 

3.  Pack  in  layers  in  some  small  grain,  as    wheat,   or 
oats,  or  barley. 

4.  Cork  dust  is  also  e::cellent  for  use  in  packing  grapes. 
This  cork  can  be  had  from  grocers  who  handle  the  white 
Malagas,  which  are  packed  in  this  material. 

5.  Pack  the  bunches  in   finely   cut  soft  and  dry  hay, 
placing  the  grapes  and  hay  in  consecutive  layers. 

6.  Dry  hardwood  saw-dust  is  also  good  for  packing. 


io6  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Grapes,  continued. 

7.  Place  on  shelves  in  a  cool,  airy  room.     After  a  few 
days  wrap  the  bunches  separately  in  soft  paper  and  pack 
in  shallow  pasteboard  boxes   not  more  than  two  or  three 
layers  deep.     Keep  in  a  cool,    dry  room  that  is  free  from 
frost. 

8.  Cut  the  bunches  with  sharp  scissors,  place  in  shal- 
low baskets   or  but  few  in  a  baskec,  and  after  reaching 
the  house  dip  the  cut  ends  of  stems  in  melted  wax.     Now 
take  tissue  paper  or  very  thin  manilla  paper  cut  just  to  the 
right  size,  and  carefully  envelope  each  cluster  of  grapes. 
Secure  shallow  tin  boxes ;  place  a  layer  of  cotton  batting 
at  the  bottom,  then  a  layer  of  grapes,  then  batting  ;   three 
layers  of  grapes  are  enough  for  one  box,  alternating  with 
cotton  batting,  and  topping  with  batting ;  then  gently  se- 
cure the  lid  to  each  box,  and  when  done  place  in  cold 
storage  for  use  in  April  or  even  later.     If  cold  storage 
cannot  be  had  put  in  a   dry,  cool  room,  and  when   cold 
weather  approaches  cover  in  an  interior  closet  with   just 
sufficient  covering  to  prevent  freezing  ;  warmth  will  cause 
over-ripening  and  deterioration. 

9.  ROE'S    METHOD. — In  a    stone    jar    place   alternate 
layers   of  grapes  and    straw    paper,   the    paper  being  in 
double  thickness.     Over    the  jar  paste  a  cloth  and    bury 
below  frost  in  a  dry  soil.     The  grapes  will  keep  until  New 
Year. 

KEEPING  GRAPES  FOR  MARKET  (W.  M.  Pattison,  Quebec). — 
It  is  the  generally  received  opinion  that  the  thick-skinned 
native  seedlings  are  the  only  keepers.  This  Is  correct  as 
regards  preserving  flavor,  but  several  hybrids  of  foreign 
blood  are  the  best  keepers  known.  Before  giving  results 
of  this  and  former  irials,  instructions  in  packing  may  be 
of  service.  The  varieties  intended  to  be  laid  up  for  win- 
ter use  should  be  those  only  which  adhere  well  to  the 
stem  and  are  not  inclined  to  shrivel.  These  should  be 
allowed  to  remain  on  the  vines  as  long  as  they  are  safe 


Keeping  and  Storing  Fruits  and  Vegetables.    107 

Grapes,  continued. 

from  frost.  A  clear  dry  day  is  necessary  for  picking,  and 
careful  handling  and  shallow  baskets  are  important.  The 
room  selected  for  the  drying  process  should  be  well  ven- 
tilated, and  the  fruit  laid  out  in  single  layers  on  tables  or 
in  baskets  where  the  air  circulates  freely,  the  windows  be_ 
»  ing  closed  at  night  and  in  damp  weather.  In  about  ten 
days  the  stems  will  be  dried  out  sufficiently  to  prevent 
moulding  when  laid  away.  When  danger  from  this  is  over 
and  the  stems  resemble  those  of  raisins,  the  time  for  pack- 
ing has  arrived.  In  this,  the  point  to  be  observed  is  to  ex- 
clude air  proportionately  with  their  tendency  to  mould.  I 
have  used  baskets  for  permanent  packing,  but  much  prefer 
shallow  trays  or  boxes  of  uniform  size  to  be  packed  on 
each  other,  so  that  each  box  forms  a  cover  for  the  lower, 
the  uppermost  only  needing  one.  Until  very  cold  weather, 
the  boxes  can  be  piled  so  as  to  allow  the  remaining  moist- 
ure to  escape  through  a  crevice  about  the  width  of  a  knife 
blade.  Before  packing,  each  bunch  should  be  examined, 
and  all  injured,  cracked  and  rotten  berries  removed  with 
suitable  scissors.  If  two  layers  are  packed  in  a  box,  a 
sheet  of  paper  should  intervene.  The  boxes  must  be  kept 
in  a  dry  cool  room,  or  passage,  at  an  even  temperature.  If 
the  thermometer  goes  much  below  freezing  point,  a  blanket 
or  newspaper  can  be  thrown  over  them,  to  be  removed  in 
mild  weather.  Looking  over  them  once  in  the  winter  and 
removing  defective  berries  will  suffice,  the  poorest  keepers 
being  placed  accessible.  Under  this  treatment  the  best 
keepers  will  be  in  good  edible  order  as  late  as  February, 
after  which  they  deteriorate. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  grapes  worth  noticing  that 
have  been  tested  for  keeping  : 


io8 


The  Horticulturist *s  Rule- Book. 


Grapes,  continued. 


DESCRIPTION.                 LIST  OF  GRAPES  TO  BE  RECOMMENDED. 

ETIES  KEEPING  WELL  UNTIL— 

Nov.  ist 

Lady,  Antoinette,  Carlotta,  Belinda. 

Dec.  ist. 

Lady  Washington,  Peter  Wiley,  Mason's  Seedling, 
Worden,  Senasqua,  Romell's  Superior,  Ricketts' 
No.  546,  Concord,  Delaware. 

Jan.  ist. 

Duchess,  Essex,  Barry,  Rockland  Favorite,  Aminia, 
Garber's  New  Seedling,  Massasoit,  Dempsey's  No 
5,  Burnett,  Undine,  Allen's  Hybrid,  Agawam,  Gen. 
Pope,  Francis  Scott. 

Jan.  isth. 

Salem,  Vergennes,  El  Dorado. 

-   & 

Feb.  ist. 

Wilder,  Herbert,  Peabody,  Roger's  No.  30,  Gaertner, 
Mary  and  Owosso. 

Crystallized  or  Glace  Fruit. — The  principle  is  to  extract 
the  juice  from  the  fruit  and  replace  it  with  sugar  syrup, 
which  hardens  and  peserves  the  fruit  in  its  natural  shape. 
The  fruit  should  all  be  of  one  size  and  of  a  uniform  degree 
of  ripeness,  such  as  is  best  for  canning.  Peaches,  pears 
and  similar  fruits  are  pared  and  cut  in  halves  ;  plums, 
cherries,  etc.,  are  pitted.  After  being  properly  prepared 
the  fruit  is  put  in  a  basket  or  bucket  with  a  perforated 
bottom  and  immersed  in  boiling  water  to  dilute  and  ex- 
tract the  juice.  This  is  the  most  important  part  of  the 
process,  and  requires  great  skill.  If  the  fruit  be  left  too 
long,  it  is  over-cooked  and  becomes  soft  ;  if  not  long 
enough  the  juice  is  not  sufficiently  extracted,  and  this 
prevents  perfect  absorption  of  the  sugar.  After  the 
fruit  cools,  it  may  again  be  assorted  as  to  softness.  The 
syrup  is  made  of  white  sugar  and  water.  The  softer 
the  fruit  the  heavier  the  syrup  required.  The  fruit  is 
placed  in  earthern  pans,  covered  with  syrup,  and  left  about 
a  week.  This  is  a  critical  stage,  as  fermentation  will  soon 


Keeping  and  Storing-  Fruits  and  Vegetables.    109 

Crystallized  or  Glace  Fruit,  continued. 

take  place,  and  when  this  has  reached  a  certain  stage  the 
fruit  and  syrup  are  heated  to  the  boiling  point,  which 
checks  the  fermentation.  This  is  repeated,  as  often  as 
may  be  necessary,  for  about  six  weeks.  The  fruit  is  taken 
out  of  the  syrup,  washed  in  clean  water,  and  either  glaced 
or  crystallized,  as  desired.  It  is  dipped  in  thick  sugar 
syrup,  and  hardened  quickly  in  the  open  air  for  glacing,  or 
left  to  be  hardened  slowly  if  to  be  crystallized.  The  fruit 
is  now  ready  for  packing,  and  is  said  to  keep  in  any  cli- 
mate. 

Cabbage. — The  most  satisfactory  method  of  keeping  cab- 
bages is  to  bury  them  in  the  field.  Select  a  dry  place, 
pull  the  cabbages  and  stand  them  head  down  on  the  soil. 
Cover  them  with  soil  to  the  depth  of  six  or  ten  inches, 
covering  very  lightly  at  first  to  prevent  heating — unless 
the  weather  should  quickly  become  severe — and  as  winter 
sets  in  cover  with  a  good  dressing  of  straw  or  coarse 
manure.  The  cabbages  should  be  allowed  to  stand  where 
they  grew  until  cold  weather  approaches.  The  storing 
beds  are  usually  made  about  six  or  eight  feet  wide,  so  that 
the  middle  of  the  bed  can  be  reached  from  either  side, 
and  to  prevent  heating  if  the  weather  should  remain  open. 
Cabbages  quickly  decay  in  the  warm  weather  of  spring. 

Celery. — For  market  purposes,  celery  is  stored  in  tem- 
porary board-pits,  in  sheds,  in  cellars,  and  in  various 
kinds  of  earth  pits  and  trenches.  The  points  to  be  con- 
sidered are,  to  provide  the  plants  with  moisture  to  prevent 
wilting,  to  prevent  hard  freezing,  and  to  give  some  venti- 
v  lation.  The  plants  are  set  loosely  in  the  soil.  There  are 
several  methods  of  keeping  celery  in  an  ordinary  cellar 
for  home  use.  The  following  methods  are  good  : 

Take  a  shoe  or  similar  box.  Bore  one  inch  holes  in  the 
sides,  four  inches  from  bottom.  Put  a  layer  of  sand  or 
soil  in  the  box,  and  stand  the  plants,  trimmed  carefully, 
upon  it,  closely  together,  working  more  sand  or  soil  about 


no  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Celery,  continued. 

the  root  part,  and  continue  until  the  box  is  full.  The  soil 
should  be  watered  as  often  as  needed,  but  always  through 
the  holes  in  the  side  of  the  box.  Keep  the  foliage  dry. 

Celery  may  also  be  stored  and  beautifully  bleached  at 
the  same  time,  in  a  similar  way  by  standing  in  a  barrel 
upon  a  layer  of  soil.  Some  roots  and  soil  may  be  left  ad- 
hering to  the  plants.  Crowd  closely,  water  through  holes 
near  the  bottom  as  in  case  ol  box  storage,  and  keep  the 
plants  in  the  dark. 

Blanched  celery  can  also  be  preserved  for  a  long  time 
by  trimming  closely  and  packing  upright  in  moist  moss  in- 
,  side  of   a  box.     A  large  quantity  of   the  vegetable   may 
thus  be  stored  in  a  small  space. 

Onions  demand  a  dry  cellar,  and  the  bulbs  should  be 
thoroughly  dried  in  the  sun  before  they  are  stored.  All 
tops  should  be  cut  away  when  the  onions  are  harvested. 
If  a  cellar  cannot  be  had,  the  bulbs  may  be  allowed  to 
freeze,  but  great  care  must  be  exercised  or  the  whole  crop 
will  be  lost.  The  onions  must  not  be  subjected  to  ex- 
tremes of  temperature,  and  they  should  not  thaw  out  dur- 
ing the  winter.  They  can  be  stored  on  the  north  side  of 
a  loft,  being  covered  with  two  or  three  feet  of  straw,  hay 
or  chaff  to  preserve  an  equable  temperature.  They  must 
not  be  handled  while  frozen,  and  they  must  thaw  out  very 
gradually  in  spring.  This  method  of  keeping  onions  is 
reliable  only  when  the  weather  is  cold  and  tolerably 
uniform. 

Orange. — Aside  from  the  customary  wrapping  of  oranges 
in  tissue  paper  and  packing  them  in  boxes,  burying  in  dry 
sand  is  sometimes  practiced.  The  fruit  is  first  wrapped 
in  tissue  paper,  and  it  should  be  buried  in  such  manner 
that  the  fruit  shall  not  be  more  than  three  tiers  deep. 

Roots  of  all  sorts,  as  beets,  carrots,  salsify,  parsnips, 
can  be  kept  from  wilting  by  packing  them  in  damp  sphag- 


Keeping  and  Storing  Fruits  and  Vegetables,    in 

Boots,  continued. 

num  moss,  like  that  used  by  nurserymen.  They  may  also 
be  packed  in  sand.  It  is  an  erroneous  notion  that  pars- 
nips and  salsify  are  not  good  until  after  they  are  frozen 

Squashes  should  be  stored  in  a  dry  room  in  which  the 
temperature  is  uniform  and  about  50°.  Growers  for  mar- 
ket usually  build  squash  houses  or  rooms  and  heat  them. 
Great  care  should  be  taken  not  to  bruise  any  squashes 
which  are  to  be  stored.  Squashes  procured  from  the  mar- 
ket have  usually  been  too  roughly  handled  to  be  reliable 
for  storing. 

Sweet  potatoes. — IN  THE  NORTH,  dig  the  potatoes  on  a  sun- 
ny day  and  allow  them  to  dry  thoroughly  in  the  field.  Sort 

ut  the  poor  ones,  and  handle  the  remainder  carefully. 

lever  allow  them  to  become  chilled.  Then  pack  them  in 
barrels  in  layers,  in  dry  sand,  and  store  in  a  warm  cellar. 
They  are  sometimes  stored  in  finely  broken  charcoal,  in 
charcoal  dust,  wheat  chaff  and  similar  substances. 

Sometimes  they  are  kept  in  small  and  open  crates,  with- 
out packing  material,  the  crates  being  stacked  so  as  to  al- 
low thorough  ventilation.  The  Hayman  or  Southern 
Queen  keeps  well  in  this  way. 

A  warm  attic  is  often  a  good  place  in  which  to  store 
sweet  potatoes.  A  tight  room  over  a  kitchen  is  particu- 
larly good  when  it  is  so  arranged  that  the  heat  from  the 
kitchen  can  be  utilized  in  warming  il. 

IN  THE  SOUTH  (Berckmans). — Digging  the  tubers  should 

e  delayed  until  the  vines  have  been  sufficiently  touched 

y  frost  to  chock  vegetation.  Allow  the  potatoes  to  dry 
off  in  the  field,  which  will  take  but  a  few  hours.  Then 
sort  all  those  of  eating  size  to  be  banked  separately  from 
the  smaller  ones.  The  banks  are  prepared  as  follows  : 
Make  a  circular  bed  six  feet  in  diameter  in  a  sheltered 
corner  of  the  garden,  throwing  up  the  earth  about  a  foot 
high.  Cover  this  with  straw  and  bank  up  the  tubers  in 


H2  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Sweet  potatoes,  continued. 

shape  of  a  cone,  using  from  10  to  20  bushels  to  each  bank. 
A  triangular  pipe  made  of  narrow  planks  to  act  as  a  ven- 
tilator should  be  placed  in  the  middle  of  the  cone.  Cover 
the  tubers  with  straw  6  to  10  inches  thick  and  bank  the 
latter  with  earth,  first  using  only  a  small  quantity,  but  in- 
creasing the  thickness  a  week  or  ten  days  afterwards.  A 
board  should  be  placed  upon  the  top  of  the  ventilating 
pipe  to  prevent  water  from  reaching  the  tubers.  Several 
banks  are  usually  made  in  a  row,  and  a  rough  shelter  of 
boards  built  over  the  whole.  The  main  point  to  be  con- 
sidered in  putting  up  sweet  potatoes  for  winter  is  entire 
freedom  from  moisture  and  sufficient  covering  to  prevent 
heating.  It  is  therefore  advisable  to  allow  the  tubers  to 
undergo  sweating  (which  invariably  occurs  after  being  put 
in  heaps)  before  covering  them  too  much,  and  if  the  tem- 
porary covering  is  removed  for  a  few  hours,  a  week  after 
being  heaped,  the  moisture  generated  will  be  removed  and 
very  little  difficulty  will  follow  from  that  cause.  If  covered 
too  thickly  at  once,  the  sweating  often  engenders  rapid 
fermentation,  and  loss  is  then  certain  to  follow.  Sand  is 
never  used  here  in  banking  potatoes.  Some  varieties  of 
potatoes  keep  much  better  than  pthers.  The  Yellow  Sugar 
Yam  and  the  Pumpkin  Yam  are  the  most  difficult  to  carry 
through,  while  the  Trinidad  potato  keeps  as  readily  as 
Irish  potatoes,  only  requiring  to  be  kept  free  from  frost 
and  light  by  a  slight  covering  of  straw  if  the  tubers  are 
placed  in  a  house.  Next  in  keeping  quality  come  the 
Hayti  Yam,  the  Red-skinned,  Brimstone,  Nigger  Killer, 
and  last  of  the  potato  section  is  the  Nansemond 

Tomatoes. — Pick  the  firmest  fruits  just  as  they  are  begin- 
ning to  turn,  leaving  the  stems  on,  exercising  care  not  to 
bruise  them,  and  pack  in  a  barrel  or  box  in  clean  and 
thoroughly  dry  sand,  placing  the  fruits  so  that  they  will 
not  touch  each  other.  Place  the  barrel  in  a  dry  place. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


STANDARD  AND  LEGAL  MEASURES  AND  SIZES. 

i.    Standard  Flower  Pots. 

AMERICAN. 

The  Society  of  American  Florists  has  adopted  a  standard 
pot,  in  which  all  measurements  are  made  inside,  and  which 
bears  a  rim  or  shoulder  at  the  top.  The  breadth  and  depth 
of  these  pots  are  the  same,  so  that  they  "nest  "well. 

ENGLISH — CHISWICK  STANDARDS. 

Diam. 

at  top.     Depth. 

Thimbles 2     in.  2     in. 

Thumbs 2^  2>£ 

6o's 3  3^ 

54's 4  4 

4S's 4^  5 

32*3 6  6 

24*3 8)4  S 

Jfc's gl/2  9 

I2*S 11^  10 

8's 12  IT 

6's 13  12 

4*s 15  13 

a's 18  14 


(113) 


The  Horticulturist*  s  Rule- Book. 


2.    Legal   and   Stan 

Legal  Weights  of  a  Bushel  of  Produce 


STATES. 

c/i 

<u 

a 
< 

•d 

0) 

'£ 

nd 

8 

'E, 
o< 

< 

Beans,  Castor. 

oj 
3 

c/f 

a 

rt 

<u 
« 

Buckwheat. 

v4 
rt 

<D 

fl 

M 

O 

O 

Corn,  shelled. 

*rt 

CD 

a 

d 
g 
o 
0 

Onions. 

CO 

rt 
0 

Arkansas            .    ... 

24 

60 

CO 

7O 

r.fi 

18 

S7 

^2 

California  

4O 

C2 

^2 

Colorado  

60 

=52 

7O 

cfi 

so 

S7 

•22. 

Connecticut 

60 

18 

sfi 

so 

SO 

c?2 

Delaware    

Sfi 

18 

Georgia  

24 

60 

S2 

7O 

cfi 

18 

S7 

^2 

Illinois 

24 

ifi 

fin 

co 

7O 

^fi 

18 

S7 

02 

Indiana  . 

2s 

66 

60 

CQ 

fi8 

cifi 

so 

48 

^2 

Iowa  «.  .  . 

18 

18 

*6 

60 

C2 

7O 

cfi 

S7 

^2 

Kansas 

24 

44 

60 

CQ 

7O 

r.fi 

so 

S7 

32 

Kentucky    

24 

4S 

60 

r,fi 

7O 

r,fi 

so 

S7 

^2 

c.fi 

^2 

Maine 

A  A 

60 

60 

18 

r.fi 

so 

S2 

02 

Maryland   

28 

60 

60 

18 

7O 

sfi 

18 

s6 

^>fi 

Massachusetts         .  . 

18 

r.fi 

CQ 

co 

q2 

Michigan              . 

48 

22 

46 

60 

48 

7O 

«?fi 

co 

C  A 

oo 

Minnesota  

4° 

^8 

4° 
42 

5U 

Sfi 

Ju 

54 

Oz 
0,2 

Missouri   

48 

24 

16 

fin 

co 

ifi 

so 

S7 

02 

Nebraska    

24 

16 

fin 

C,2 

7O 

r.fi 

so 

S7 

0,2 

Nevada  

fin 

^fi 

so 

New  Hampshire  .  .  . 
New  Jersey  

c<-> 

2S 

60 

62 
fin 

CQ 

56 

r.fi 

50 

S7 

32 
0,0 

New  York  .......    . 

fi-> 

18 

r,8 

02 

North  Carolina  .... 

en 

Sfi 

18 

^2 

Ohio    

.18 

22 

fin 

CQ 

fi8 

r.fi 

SO 

02 

Oregon  

4S 

42 

sfi 

ifi 

Pennsylvania  

18 

Sfi 

32 

Rhode  Island  

Sfi 

so 

S2 

^2 

Tennessee  

en 

24 

fin 

CQ 

7O 

sfi 

so 

s6 

02 

Texas    

fin 

42 

sfi 

S7 

32 

Ver  ^.ont  
Virginia  

46 

"8 

60 

62 
fin 

48 
C2 

7O 

56 

sfi 

so 

52 
S7 

32 
0,2 

West  Virginia  
"Wisconsin  

Sfi 

25 

->8 

60 
fin 

52 

CQ 

56 

sfi 

SO 

32 
0,2 

Washington  

45 

Standard  and  Legal  Measures  and  Sizes.      1 15 


dard    Measures. 

in  various  States,  corrected  to  1887. 


co 

Id 

CD 

CD 

-— 

CO 

8 

T3 

TJ 

-d 

CD 

CD 

CO 

CD 

CD 

CO 

CD" 

co 

CO 

CO 

CD 

CD 
CO 

CD 
CO 

g 

>> 

CO* 

CD 

H 

"rt 

s 

CO 

rt 

0 

CD 

u 

CD 

H 

CD 

OH 

s 

5 

bo 

"o 

g 

.£* 
'3 

rt 

CD 

1 

I 

o 

PM 

1 

« 

s 

u 

E 

rt 

PQ 

CD 

E 

§ 

O 
CO 

H 

H 

£ 

60 

50 

60 

56 

14 

60 

56 

48 

50 

50 

60 

57 

60 

54 

50 

60 

60 

56 

14 

60 

48 

44 

45 

60 

60 

60 

56 

48 

50 

6O 

38 

60 

55 

60 

56 

14 

60 

56 

47 

45 

55 

60 

33 

60 

55 

56 

14 

60 

55 

48 

44 

45 

55 

48 

33 

60 

55 

56 

60 

48 

44 

45 

48 

33 

60 

46 

56 

14 

60 

56 

48 

44 

45 

30 

45 

33 

60 

50 

56 

14 

60 

56 

48 

44 

50 

45 

55 

60 

39 

60 

55 

60 

56 

14 

60 

56 

47 

44 

50 

45 

60 

60 

32 

32 

60 

60 

60 

48 

50 

60 

40 

60 

56 

62 

56 

14 

64 

56 

48 

44 

50 

45 

56 

<^o 

60 

56 

48 

45 

60 

28 

60 

56 

60 

56 

14 

60 

56 

48 

44 

50 

45 

58 

48 

28 

60 

60 

48 

60 

33 

60 

5<5 

60 

56 

14 

60 

56 

T<J 
48 

44 

45 

{2 

60 

33 

60 

50 

60 

56 

14 

60 

56 

48 

44 

40 

30 

45 

55 

60 

60 

60 

56 

60 

60 

60 

54 

60 

D 
56 

64 

55 

48 

50 

60 

60 

56 

60 

55 

48 

44 

60 

60 

56 

60 

55 

48 

60 

48 

60 

50 

60 

56 

60 

56 

48 

44 

50 

45 

60 

60 

60 

56 

60 

46 

60 

eg 

56 

62 

47 

60 

TV 
48 

50 

60 

50 

60 

.. 

!4 

60 

56 

T 
48 

50 

45 

50 

60 

60 

55 

56 

60 

56 

48 

45 

55 

60 

60 

60 

56 

60 

48 

45 

60 

40 

60 

56 

60 

56 

14 

60 

56 

48 

44 

50 

45 

55 

60 

33 

60 

56 

60 

56 

48 

45 

60 

28 

60 

56 

60 

56 

48 

45 

42 

n6  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

3.    Miscellaneous  Legal  Weights  per  Bushel. 

BEETS:  60  Ibs.  in  Maine,  Vermont,  Connecticut.  CAR- 
ROTS :  50  Ibs.  in  Maine  and  Vermont,  55  in  Connecticut. 
PARSNIPS:  45  Ibs.  in  Connecticut.  SWEET  POTATOES:  54 
Ibs.  in  New  Jersey,  46  in  jDakota,  50  in  Ohio,  Kansas,  Ne- 
braska, 55  in  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Texas,  Georgia,  56  in  Michi- 
gan, Virginia,  Missouri,  46  in  Iowa.  BERRIES  :  32  Ibs.  in 
Rhode  Island.  CHERRIES,  GRAPES,  CURRANTS,  GOOSEBERRIES, 
weigh  40  Ibs.  in  Iowa.  BLACKBERRIES,  STRAWBERRIES,  RASP- 
BERRIES, 32  Ibs.  in  Iowa.  PEACHES,  QUINCES,  48  Ibs.  in  Iowa, 
DRIED  PLUMS,  28  Ibs.  in  Michigan.  CRANBERRIES,  40  Ibs.  in 
Michigan.  "  WILD  PEACHES,"  33  Ibs.  in  Ohio. 

4.    Miscellaneous  Legal  Sizes. 

The  heap  bushel  contains  2,564  cubic  ins.  in  Connecticut  and 
Kansas;  2,150.42  ins.  in  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Nebraska, 
Tennessee,  Missouri,  Washington. 

The  bushel  measure  must  be  19^  ins.  in  outside  diameter, 
the  half  bushel  15^  ins.,  the  peck  12^  ins.  in  New  York  and 
California. 

The  bushel  measure  must  be  18^  ins.  in  inside  diameter, 
the  half  bushel  13%  ins.,  the  peck  10^  ins.  and  the  half  peck 
9  ins.,  in  New  Hampshire  and  Minnesota. 

Produce  sold  by  dry  measure  must  be  heaped  as  full  as  the 
measure  will  hold  in  Ohio,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin, 
Minnesota,  California,  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Heap  measures  must  be  cylindrical,  with  a  plane  bottom,  in 
New  York  and  California. 

The  half-bushel  is  i3|§  ins.  in  interior  diameter  and  7^  ins. 
deep  in  Ohio.  It  contains  1,075^  cubic  ins.  in  Indiana. 

In  New  Jersey  the  cranberry  box,  to  hold  a  bushel,  must  be 
12x8^x22  ins.  in  the  clear. 

In  Wisconsin,  cranberry  packages  must  conform  to  the  fol- 
lowing sizes:  "The  legal  and  standard  cranberry  barrel  in 
this  state  shall  be  twenty-three  and  three-quarter  inches  high, 
sixteen  and  one-fourth  inches  in  diameter  at  the  head,  and 


Standard  and  Legal  Measures  and  Sizes.       1 17 

Miscellaneous  Legal  Sizes,  continued. 

eighteen  inches  in  diameter  at  the  bilge,  inside  measure. 
"Every  manufacturer  of  barrels  for  cranberries  shall  stamp  or 
brand  his  name  with  the  letters  W.  S.  on  such  barrels  to  in- 
dicate that  they  are  the  Wisconsin  Standard  in  size.  All 
sales  of  cranberries  in  packages  less  than  a  barrel  should  be 
by  the  bushel  or  quart,  struck  or  level  dry  measure.  A  stand- 
ard bushel  crate  for  cranberries  shall  be  twenty-two  inches 
long,  twelve  and  one-fourth  inches  wide  by  seven  and  one-half 
inches  deep,  inside  measure." 

In  Michigan  the  quantity  known  as  a  box  or  a  basket  of 
peaches  shall  contain  7i6f  cubic  ins.  or  \  of  a  bushel,  strict 
measure. 

In  New  York  a  barrel  of  apples,  quinces,  pears  or  potatoes 
shall  contain  100  quarts  of  grain  or  dry  measure,  except  that 
potatoes,  when  sold  by  weight,  shall  be  172  Ibs.  to  the  barrel. 

In  New  York  the  measure  for  fruit  shall  be  the  half-bushel, 
which  shall  be  made  cylindrical,  the  diameter  outside  to  out- 
side 15^  ins.  The  standard  half-bushel  has  i,o75T2o1o  cubic  ins. 

MICHIGAN  STANDARD  MEASURE. — The  half  bushel  or  parts 
thereof  shall  be  the  standard  measure  for  fruits  customarily 
sold  by  heaped  measure  ;  and  in  measuring  said  commodities 
the  half  bushel  or  other  small  measure  shall  be  heaped  as 
high  as  may  be,  without  special  effort  or  design. 

MICHIGAN  STANDARD  BARREL. — A  barrel  of  fruit,  roots,  or 
vegetables  is  the  quantity  contained  in  a  barrel  made  from 
staves  27  ins.  in  length,  and  each  head  16^  ins.  in  diameter, 
or  ordinary  flour  barrel  size. 

The  standard  weight  of  apples  is  48  Ibs.  to  the  bushel. 

In  Tennessee  a  barrel  of  apples  contains  2J^  bushels.  A 
liquid  barrel  contains  42  gals. 

In  Wisconsin  a  barrel  of  apples  shall  contain  100  quarts 
dry  measure. 

The  avoirdupois  pound  bears  to  the  troy  pound  the  relation 
of  7,000  to  5,760  in  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania. 
Ohio,  Iowa,  Nebraska,  Tennessee  and  California. 


n8  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

5.  Society  and   Customary  Standards. 

The  standard  orange  box  adopted  by  the  Florida  Fruit  Ex- 
change measures  12x12x27  inches,  with  partition  in  the  middle. 
The  Exchange  issues  the  following  instructions  : 

We  recommend  the  following  classifications  for  oranges : 
Fancy,  Choice  Bright,  Bright  Russet,  Choice  Russet,  Russet. 

Oranges  classed  as  Fancy  should  be  extra  bright,  with  very 
smooth,  thin  skin.  Rough,  thick-skinned  fruit,  being  ever  so 
bright,  should  never  be  classed  as  fancy. 

Oranges  classed  as  choice  bright  should  be  strictly  bright 
and  fairly  smooth  skin  and  of  desirable  size. 

Oranges  classed  as  bright  should  be  bright  and  free  from  rust. 

Oranges  classed  as  bright  russet  should  be  at  least  two-thirds 
bright,  with  smooth  skin  and  of  desirable  size. 

Oranges  classed  as  choice  russet  should  be  quite  smooth 
skin  and  of  desirable  size. 

Oranges  of  a  common  dark  variety  should  be  classed  as 
russets. 

Never  pack  bright  and  rusty  oranges  in  the  same  box. 
Never  pack  large  and  small  oranges  in  the  same  box. 

One  of  the  most  important  features  in  the  packing  of  oranges 
is  the  uniform  neatness  of  the  packages.  Buyers  will  pay 
more  for  fruit  that  is  neatly  and  properly  packed  than  they 
\vill  pay  for  such  as  is  carelessly  put  up.  A  box  of  oranges 
neatly  packed,  strapped  and  marked,  naturally  attracts  the  at- 
tention of  buyers. 

After  your  fruit  has  been  carefully  packed  in  accordance 
.  with  above  instructions,  please  mark  the  boxes  as  follows  : 

Place  the  stencil  of  the  Florida  Fruit  Exchange  on  one  end 
of  the  box  in  center  of  head. 

In  the  upper  left  hand  corner  of  the  box-head  stencil  the 
quality  of  orange  the  box  contains — Fancy,  Choice  Bright, 
Bright,  Bright  Russet,  Choice  Russet,  Russet,  Mandarin,  Tan- 
gisrine,  or  Navel,  as  the  case  may  be. 

In  the  upper  middle  of  the  box-head  stencil  the  number  of 
oranges  the  box  contains — "128,"  "176,"  "200,  "etc.,  as  the 
case  may  be. 


Standard  and  Legal  Measures  and  Sizes.      1 19 

Society  and  Customary  Standards,  continued. 

In  the  upper  right  hand  corner  stencil  the  letters  according 
to  the  following  schedule  : 

All  sizes  under  128,  mark  A. 

Sizes  128  to  138,  mark  B. 

Sizes  146  to  160,  mark  C. 

Sizes  176  to  200,  mark  D. 

All  sizes  over  200,  mark  E. 

The  Georgia  Horticultural  Society  adopts  the  one-third 
bushel  oblong  crate  for  peaches  and  similar  fruits.  The  di- 
mensions of  this  crate  are  about  8x12^x22  inches. 

CALIFORNIA.     SIZES  IN  COMMON  USE  FOR  LOCAL  MARKETS. 
(Wickson.} 

APPLE  AND  PEAR. — Top,  bottom  and  sides  of  %  in.  and 
ends  of  ^  in.  stuff.  The  length  is  22  ins. ;  ends  10  by  12  ins. 
This  is  called  a  50  Ib.  box,  but  it  contains  less  weight. 

CHERRY. — 15^  ins.  in  length  ;  ends  8^  by  3^. 

FIG. — The  two-layer  fig  box  is  20  ins.  long;  ends  2  by  3^ 
ins.,  and  holds  about  20  Ibs.  The  single  layer  is  the  same 
length  and  width,  but  2  ins.  deep  and  holds  about  12  Ibs, 

GRAPES. — The  same  as  that  used  for  plums  in  distant  ship- 
ment, except  that  the  depth  is  usually  5  ins.  and  the  contents 
about  25  Ibs.  of  fruit.  Grapes  are  also  shipped  in  4-lb.  splint 
baskets,  of  which  4  go  in  a  half  crate  or  8  in  a  whole  crate. 

MELONS. — Cantaloupe  crates  38  ins.  long,  16  ins.  wide  and  15 
deep.  Watermelons  come  in  bulk  in  cars  or  in  large  cases  of 
all  descriptions. 

ORANGES. — Flat  boxes  22  ins.  long,  ends  7%  by  17^  ins. 
It  is  divided  in  two  parts  by  a  central  partition.  The  prevail- 
ing orange  box  at  present  is  about  26^  ins.  long,  ends  n^ 
ins.  square,  with  a  central  partition. 

SMALL  FRUITS. — Chests  or  crates  which  contain  10,  15  or 
20  drawers.  The  drawers  are  15%  ins.  long,  ends  8#  by  i% 
ins.  The  sizes  have  been  constantly  decreasing.  The  old 


12O  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Society  and  Customary  Standards,  continued. 

drawers  held  5  Ibs.  of  strawberries ;  the  present  weight  is  about 

4lbs. 

PACKAGES  FOR  DRIED  FRUITS. — 25  Ib  box.  Inside  measure- 
ments—length, 13^  ins.;  width,  9^  ins.;  depth,  5^  ins. 
Outside  measurements — length,  15^  ins-i  width,  10^  ins.: 
depth,  6J^  ins. ;  top,  bottom  and  sides,  %  of  an  in.  thick  ;  ends, 
^  of  an  inch  thick. 

A  More  Flat  Package.  —  Inside  measurements  —  length,  16 
ins. ;  width,  9  ins. ;  depth,  5  ins.  Outside  measurements — 
length,  iyX  ins.;  width,  9^  ins.;  depth,  5^  ins.  Top,  bot- 
tom and  sides,  y%  of  an  in.  thick  ;  ends,  ^  of  an  inch  thick. 

Fifty  Pound  Box. — Inside  measurements — length,  15^  ins. ; 
width,  9  ins.;  depth,  9  ins  Outside  measurements — length, 
17^  ins.;  width,  10  ins.;  depth,  10  ins.  Top,  bottom  and 
sides  y2  in.  thick  ;  ends,  i  in.  thick. 

RAISINS. — 20  Ib.  raisin  box,  19%  in.  long,  ends  9  by  4%  ins. 
Half  box,  same  length  and  width,  depth,  2^  ins.;  quarter  box, 
same  length  and  width,  depth,  i^"  ins.;  eighth  box,  15^  ins. 
long,  ends  6  by  i^  inches. 

SACKS  FOR  DRIED  FRUIT. — White  cotton  sacks,  made  of 
what  is  called  heavy  export  goods,  are  used  for  shipment  of 
dried  fruits.  They  are  20  by  36  ins.  and  hold  about  80  Ibs.  of 
fruit. 

CALIFORNIA  PACKAGES  FOR  EASTERN  SHIPMENT  AS  ADOPTED 
BY  THE  FRUIT  UNION  OF  THAT  STATE. 

The  ends  of  all  boxes  should  be  made  of  %  in.  stuff,  and  all 
cleats  y%  inch  stuff.  The  sides,  tops,  and  bottoms  .of  cherry 
boxes  should  be  of  ^  m-  stu^  5  tne  sides  made  of  two  strips 
each  of  %  in.  stuff  and  %  of  an  in.  in  width.  Peach,  pear 
and  plum  boxes  should  be  made  of  -fa  in.  stuff.  All  the  lumber 
used  should  be  dressed  as  smooth  as  possible. 

Cherry  boxes,  capacity  10  Ibs.  Outside  measurements — 18 
ins.  in  length,  10^5  ins.  in  width;  3  ins.  in  depth.  Inside  meas- 
urements— length,  i6)4  ins. ;  width,  10^  ins ;  depth,  2>£  ins. 


Standard  and  Legal  Measures  and  Sizes.      121 

Society  and  Customary  Standards,  continued. 

Plum  boxes,  capacity  20  Ibs.  Outside  measurements — 19^ 
ins.  in  length,  12^5  ins.  in  width,  4^  ins.  in  depth.  Inside 
measurements — length,  8j^  ins.;  width,  n^  ins.;  depth,  4 
ins. 

There  are  four  sizes  of  peach  and  apricot  boxes  : 

First,  capacity  22  pounds.  Outside  measurements — 19^ 
ins.  in  length,  12%  ins.  in  width,  4%  ins.  in  depth.  Inside 
measurements — length,  18^  ins. ;  width,  n^  ins.;  depth,  4^ 
ins. 

Second,  capacity  25  Ibs.  Outside  measurements — 19^  ins. 
in  length,  12^  ins.  in  width,  5^  ins.  in  depth.  Inside  meas- 
urements— length,  i8)4  ins.;  width,  n^  ins.;  depth,  4^  ins. 

Third,  capacity  27  Ibs.  Outside  measurements — 19^  ins. 
in  length,  12%  ins.  in  width,  5^  ins.  in  depth.  Inside  meas- 
urements— length,  18^  ins.;  width,  n^  ins.;  depth,  5^  ins. 

Fourth,  capacity  30  Ibs.  Outside  measurements — 19^  ins. 
in  length,  i2j^  ins.  in  width,  6%  ins.  in  depth.  Inside  meas- 
urements— length,  i8j^  ins.;  width,  11%  ins.;  depth,  5%  ins. 

Pear  boxes,  capacity  40  Ibs.  Outside  measurements — 19% 
ins.  in  length,  12^  ins.  in  width,  8%  ins.  in  depth.  Inside 
measurements — length,  18^  ins.;  width,  n^  ins.;  depth,  8% 
ins. 

Grading  of  Prunes. — Prunes  are  graded  by  running  them 
over  screens  of  various  degrees  of  coarseness.  The  meshes 
should  be  oblong,  2  ins.  or  more  in  length  for  all  the  sizes,  the 
widths  varying  as  stated  in  the  table  below.  The  California 
French  prunes  are  usually  sorted  in  six  sizes,  by  using  the  fol- 
lowing methods  : 

Width  of  mesh  for     Width  of  mesh  for 
Gra  1  \  green  prunes.  dried  prunes. 

Extras,  40  to  50  to  pound i^  inch i^  inch. 

No.    i,   50  to  60       '  i%      "     1% 

No.   2,   60  to  70       '  ij/6      "     i 

No.   3,   70  to  80       "  i          "     7/&      " 

No.   4,   80  to  90       "  fa      "     3/i      " 

No.   5,   90  to  100     "  ^      "     fa 


122  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Society  and  Customary  Standards,  continued. 

Watermelons  are  usually  sorted  into  three  grades.  Of  the 
largest  size,  about  6  melons  are  placed  in  a  barrel.  Of  medium 
size,  about  8  (4  melons  in  each  of  2  layers),  and  of  the  small- 
est size,  10  to  12.  A  truck  load  of  melons  comprises  about 
200  fair  sized  fruits.  A  car  load  numbers  from  1,000  to  1,500. 

Cocoa  nuts  are  packed  for  shipment  in  bags  which  hold  100 
fruits. 

"Ekimis"  branded  upon  boxes  of  Smyrna  figs  means  A  No. 
i,  or  superior  selected.  "Eleme"  means  selected,  the  second 
grade. 

6.    Covent  Garden  (London)  Measures. 

SEAKALE  PUNNETS. — 8  ins.  diameter  at  the  top,  yj^  ins.  at 
the  bottom,  and  2  ins.  deep. 

RADISH  PUNNETS. — 8  ins.  diameter  and  i  in.  deep,  if  to  hold 
6  hands ;  or  9  ins.  by  i  in.  for  12  hands. 

MUSHROOM. — 7  ins.  by  i  in. 

SALAD  PUNNETS. — sins,  by  i  in. 

SIEVE. — Contains  7  imperial  gals.;  diameter  15  ins. ;  depth, 
8  ins.  A  sieve  of  peas  is  equal  to  i  bu. ;  a  sieve  of  currants  12 
qts. 

HALF-SIEVE. — Contains  3^  imperial  gals.  It  averages  12^ 
ins.  in  diameter  and  6  ins.  in  depth. 

BUSHEL  SIEVE. — ioj^  imperial  gals.  Diameter  at  top  n^ 
ins.,  at  bottom  17  ins.;  depth,  ii^  ins- 

BUSHEL  BASKET,  ought,  when  heaped,  to  contain  an  im- 
perial bushel.  Diameter  at  bottom  10  ins.,  at  top  14^  ins. 
depth,  17  ins.  Walnuts,  nuts,  apples  and  potatoes  are  sold 
by  this  measure.  A  bus.  of  the  last  named,  cleansed,  weighs 
56  Ibs.,  but  four  pounds  additional  are  allowed  if  they  are  not 
washed.  A  junk  contains  %  of  a  bu. 

POTTLE. — A  long  tapering  basket  that  holds  rather  over  a 
pt.  and  a  half.  A  pottle  of  strawberries  should  hold  yz  a  gal., 
but  never  holds  more  than  i  qt. ;  a  pottle  of  mushrooms  should 
weigh  i  Ib. 


Standard  and  Legal  Measures  and  Sizes.      123 

Covent  Garden  (London)  Measures,  continued. 

HAND  applies  to  a  bunch  of  radishes,  which  contains  from 
12  to  30,  or  more,  according  to  the  season. 

BUNDLE  contains  from  6  to  12  or  20  heads  of  broccoli,  celery, 
etc;  seakale,  12  to  18  heads;  rhubarb,  20  to  30  stems,  accord- 
ing to  size;  and  of  asparagus  from  100  to  150. 

GRAPES  are  put  up  in  2  Ibs.  and  4  Ibs.  punnets  ;  new  pota- 
toes by  the  London  growers  in  2  Ibs.  punnets.  Apples  and 
pears  are  put  up  in  bu.  sieves,  or  half  sieves.  A  100 
weight  of  Kentish  filberts  is  104  Ibs.  Weights  are  always  16 
ozs.  to  the  Ib. 

BUNCH.— Radishes,  12  to  24;  carrots,  12  and  upwards ;  tur- 
nips, 12  and  upwards;  leeks,  6  and  upwards. 

A  roll  of  celery  contains  6,  8,  to  12  heads  or  roots, 

A  score  of  lettuce  or  endive  is  22. 

A  tally  is  5  dozen. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


TABLES  OF  MEASURES  AND  WEIGHTS. 

Dry  Measure. 

2  pints =  i  quart 

8  quarts    =  i  peck. 

4  pecks =  i  bushel. 

8  ousneis  (480  pounds) —  i  quarter. 

36  bushels =  i  chaldron. 

bu.          pk.        qt.  pt. 

i     =     4     =  32     =     64 

i     =     8     =     16 

I       =         2 

Liquid  Measure. 

4  gills =  i  pint. 

2  pints =  i  quart. 

4  quarts =  i  gallon. 

gallons =  i  barrel. 

2  barrels  or  63  gallons =  i  hogshead. 

gal.  qt.  pt.  gi. 

i     =     4     =     8     =     32 

1    =     2=       8 
i     =       4 

Apothecaries'   Fluid   Measure. 

60  minims =  i  fluidram. 

8  fluidrams =  i  fluidounce. 

16  fluidounces =  i  pint. 

8  pints =  i  gallon. 

(124) 


Tables  of  Measures  and  Weights.  125 

Apothecaries'  Fluid  Measure,  continued. 

cong.            o.                  f.                       f.  m. 

1      =      8      =      128      =      1,024  —  61,440 

!      =        16      =          128  =  7,680 

i      =             8  =  480 

i  =  60 
One  minim  equals  i  drop  of  water. 

Line,  or  Linear  Measure. 

12  inches  ...................    =  i  foot. 

3  feet  .....................   =  i  yard. 

5^  yards,  or  i6J/£  feet    .......    =  i  rod,  or  pole. 

40  rods  ...................    =  i  furlong. 

8  furlongs  (320  rods)    .......   =  i  mile  (statute  mile). 

3  miles  ...................   =  i  league. 

1.            in.          fur.            rd.                yd.  ft.                              in. 

I     =3     =24     =  960     =   5,280         =  15,840         =   190,080 

1     =     8=  320     =   1,760          =  5,280         =     63,360 

!     =      40     =       220         =  660         =        7,920 

i     =           51A=  16/2     =           198 

i         =  3        =            36 

I  =  12 

Surveyor's,  or  Chain  Measure. 


n  ry 

2  inches      

=  i  link. 

/  -y 

2  ^ 

links               

=  i  rod,  o 

"  pole. 

*3 

rods   or  66  feet    .  .  .  .  . 

=  i  chain. 

rv 

80 

chains            

=  i  mile. 

mi. 

ch.                rd. 

1. 

in. 

I 

=     80     =      320     = 

8,000 

=     63,360 

I     =          4     = 

IOO 

792 

I     = 

25 

=           198 

i 

=              7 

.92 

Square  or  Surface  Measure. 

144      square  inches  ..........   =  i  square  foot. 

9      square  feet  .............   =  i  square  yard. 

30^  square  yards  .......  ,  .  .  .   =  i  sq.  rod  or  perch. 

160      square  rods  ............   =  i  acre. 

640      acres  .................  =  i  sq.  mile  or  section. 


126  7 he  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Square  or  Surface  Measure,  continued. 

sq.m.   a.      sq.  rd.  sq.  yd.  sq.  ft.  sq.  in. 

1=646=  102,400  =  3,097,600       ==27,878,100       =4.014,489,600 

1=  160=  4,840       =  43,660       =  6,272,640 

1=  ^A=  272^=  39.204 

I      =  9      =  1,296 

i      =  144 

Surveyors'  Square    Measure. 

625  square  links =  i  square  rod,  or  pole 

16  poles =   i  square  chain. 

10  square  chains =  i  acre. 

640  acres =  i  square  mile  or  sec 

36  square  miles  (6  miles  sq.) .   =  i  township 
tp.    sq.  mi.  a.  sq.  ch  sq.  rd.  sq.  1. 

!    —   36   —   23,040   =   230,400   =   3,986,400   =    2,304,000,000 

Solid  o-  Cubic  Measure. 

1728      cubic  inches =  i  cubic  foot. 

27      cubic  feet =  i  cubic  yard. 

16      cubic  feet =  i  cord  foot. 

8      cord  feet,  or  128  cubic  feet  . .   =  i  cord  of  wood. 

24^  cubic  feet ===»  i  perch. 

cu.  yd.  cu.  ft.  cu.  in.  cd.         cd.  ft.          cu.  ft.  cu.  in. 

i       =     27    •  =     46.656     =      1      =     8     =      128      =      221,184 

Avoirdupois,  or  Commercial  Weight. 

27ii  grains =  i  dram. 

16      drams =  i  ounce. 

16      ounces =  i  pound. 

25      pounds =  i  quarter. 

4      quarter,  or  100  pounds =  i  hundredweight. 

20      hundredweight,  01  2,ooolbs  .   =  i  ton. 

480      pounds =  imperial  quarter. 

100      pounds  is  also  called i  central. 

t.  cwt.  Ib.  oz.  dr.  gr. 

I     =     20     =     2,000     =     32,000     =     512,000 

i     —         100     =        i,  600     =====       25,600 

i     =  16     =  256     =     7,000 

I     =  16 


Tables  of  Measures  and   Weights. 


127 


Troy,  or  Jewelers'  Weight. 


24  Efrains                   .  • 

=  i  pennyweight. 

20  pennyweights 

—  ;  i  ounce. 

12  ounces 

=  i  pound. 

Ib.             oz. 

pwt. 

gr. 

I       =       12 

=   240   == 

5.76o 

I 

=       20     = 

480 

I     === 

24 

Apothecaries'  Weight. 


3  scruples  . 

12  ounces 

Ib.             oz. 

dr.              scr. 

I       =       12 

=     96     =     288 

I 

=       8     =       24 

i     —         3 

i 

i  scruple, 
i  dram, 
i  ounce, 
i  pound. 


60 
20 


Table  of  Comparative  Weights. 

Avoirdupois.  Troy. 

700  gr.  =  lib         5,760     gr.  =i  Ib. 

i  Ib.  ITVT  Ibs. 

Ibs. 


Apothecaries. 
5,760     gr.  =i  Ib. 


or  144  Ibs. 
i  oz. 
or  192  oz. 

T\r 


175 


oz. 
oz. 


=      i75 
Miscellaneous  Table. 


175       Ibs. 


175 


of  an  inch  . 

of  an  inch  . 

inches 

inches 

inches 

inches 

2}^  feet  

3  feet  

A  wine  Ballon. . . 
A  dry  gallon.  .  .  . 


3 

4 

9 

18 


a  line  (American). 

a  line  (French). 

a  palm. 

a  hand. 

a  span. 

a  cubit. 

a  military  pace. 

a  pace. 

231       cubic  inches. 

268.8 


128  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Miscellaneous  Table,  continued. 

An  imperial  gallon =     277.274  cubic  inches. 

A  U.  S.  bushel =  2, 150. 42 

A  U.  S.  bushel  heaped    =2,688 

An  English  bushel =2,218.192  " 

i  pint  of  water  weighs  1.0431  Ibs. 

i  gallon  of  water  weighs  8.3450  Ibs. 

i  cubic  foot  of  water  weighs  62.425  Ibs.  at  39.2°  F. 

An  English  (statute)  mile  is 1,760  yards. 

A  Scotch  mile  is 1,984       " 

An  Irish  mile  is 2, 240       ' ' 

A  Dutch  mile  is 8, 101       " 

A  Roman  mile  is 1,628       " 

A  German  mile  is 6, 859       ' ' 

A  Russian  mile  is i,  100       ' ' 

An  Arabian  mile  is   2, 148       ' ' 

A  sea  (nautical)  mile  is 2,026       " 

Equivalents  of  Metric  Measures  of  Capacity. 

Metric  denominations  Dry  measure.  Liquid  measure 

i  millimeter  . . .   =         .001816  pts.    =  .0338      fl.  oz. 

i  centiliter  ....   =*  .01816    pts.    =  .338  fl.  oz. 

i  deciliter =  .181625  pts.    =  .84532  gi. 

i  liter =  .908128  qts.    =  1.056745  qts. 

i  dekaliter =  9.08128    qts.    =  2.64186  gals. 

i  hectoliter. ...   =  2.8379      bus.  =  26.4186  gals. 

i  kiloliter =  28.379        bus.  =  264.186  gals. 

i  myrialiter  .  .  .   =  283.79          bus.  =  2641.86  gals. 

equivalents  of  Metric  Linear  Measure. 

Equivalents  in  English 

measure, 
i  millimeter =       .05937  inches. 

i  centimeter =       -3937         " 

i  decimeter =     3.93707       ' ' 

i  meter =  39. 37079       ' ' 

i  dekameter =  32.80899  ft. 

i  hectometer =  19.88423  rods. 


Tables  of  Measures  and   Weights.  129 

Equivalents  of  Metric  Linear  Measure,  continued. 

i  kilometer =       .62138  mile. 

i  myriameter =     6.21382  miles. 

Equivalents  of   Metric  Square  Measure. 

i  sq.  centimer =  .155      sq.  in. 

i  sq.  decimeter =  15.5           sq.  in. 

i  sq.  meter =  1. 19603  sq.  yds. 

i  sq.  dekameter =  119.6034    sq.  yds. 

i  sq.  hectometer =  2.47114  sq.  rds. 

i  sq.  kilometer =  .3861    sq.  rriles. 

Equivalents  of  Metric   Cubic  Measure. 

i  cu.  centimeter =       .061027  cu-  m- 

i  cu.  decimeter =  61.02705    cu.  in. 

i  cu.  meter,  or  stere =  35.31658    cu.  ft. 

Equivalents  of   Metric  Weights. 


i  miligram 

i  decigram 

i  centigram 

i  gram 

i  dekagram   

i  hectogram 

i  kilogram 

i  myriagram   

i  quintal 

i  tonneau  or  ton =  2204.62124    Ibs.   avoir.,  or 

1.10281  tons. 


.015432  gr.  troy. 

I-54324  gr-  troy. 

.15432  gr.  troy. 

15-4324^  gr.  troy. 

•35273  oz.  avoir. 

3-52739  oz.  avoir. 

2.20462  Ibs.  avoir 

22.04621  Ibs.  avoir. 

220.46212  Ibs.  avoir. 


9-R 


CHAPTER  XV. 


MISCELLANEOUS  TABLES,  FIGURES  AND  NOTES. 

i.    Quantity  of  Water  Held  by  Pipes  of  Various  Sizes. 


Diameter  of 
Bore. 
^A    in 

Contents  of  roc 
in  Lengtf 
84  g£ 

Feet 
i. 
ils. 

1 
1 

< 
c 

i       •'          

3.39 

7.64 

2         '              

I3-58 

21.22 

3'  ' 

3O.  56 

;  54-33 

51"'    .  , 

84.90 

6      '' 

.    122.26 

2.  Number  of  Gallons  In  Circular  Tanks  and  Well*. 

To  find  the  contents  in  gallons  of  circular  tanks,  etc., 
square  the  diameter  in  feet,  multiply  by  the  depth  and  then 
multiply  by  4.8947. 

GALLONS  WHEN  THE   DEPTH   IS 


efer.     ^  ft.  4  ft.  5  ft.  6ft.  7  ft.  8ft.      p  ft.    10  ft.  lift.  12  ft. 

4  ft.  235  313  391  469  548  626  704  783  861  989 

5  '   367  489  611  734  856  979  1101  1223  1346  1468 

6  "  528  704  88  1  1057  I233  I4°9  J585  1764  1988  2114 

7  "  7*9  959  IJ99  J439  l678  1918  2158  2398  2638  2878 

8  "  939  1253  1566  1879  2194  2506  2819  3182  3445  3759 

9  "  1189  1585  1982  2378  2775  3171  3568  3964  4361  4757 

10  "  1468  1957  2447  2936  3426  3915  4405  4894  5884  5873 

11  "  1776  2368  2961  3553  4145  4787  5330  5922  6514  7107 

12  "  2114  2812  3524  4229  4933  5638  6343  7048  7753  8458 


Miscellaneous  Tables,  Figures  and  Notes.  131 

3.    Number  of  Gallons  in  Square-Built  Tanks. 

To  find  the  number  of  gallons  in  any  square  or  oblong 
vessel  multiply  the  number  of  cubic  feet  contained  in  it  by 
6.232. 

3ft.  4ft.  5  ft. 

Size  of  Tank.                                              ,  deep.  deep.  deep. 

6  by  3  feet 336  448  560 

448  598  747 

560  747  934 

673  897  II2I 

'   523  698  870 

' 654  872  1090 

1  785  1047  1308 

'   916  1221  1526 

1  598  797  997 

747  997  1246 

897  1196  1495 

1046  1395  1744 

1196  1595  1994 

841  II2I  I402 

'   1009  1346  1682 

'   H77  1570  1963 

1346  1784  2243 

I5I4  2019  2523 

'   934  1246  1558 

II2I  1495  1869 

1   1308  1744  2181 

'   •  •  •  1495  1994  2492 

1682  2243  2804 

'   1869  2492  3116 

1233  1645  2056 

1439  *9!9  2899 

1645  2193  2742 

1850  2467  3084 

'  2056  2742  3427 

' 2262  3016  3770 

'   I346  *794  2243 

1570  2093  2617 

' 1794  2393  2901 

2019  2892  3365 

'   2243  2991  3739 

1   2467  3290  4113 

'  2692  3589  4487 


132  The  Horticulturist" s  Ride- Book. 

4.    Thermometer  Scales. 

Fahrenheit. — The  freezing  point  is  taken  as  the  320!  de- 
gree of  the  scale,  and  180  degrees  are  made  between  that  and 
the  boiling  point,  which  therefore  becomes  212°. 

Centigrade  or  Celsius. — The  freezing  point  of  water  is 
taken  as  the  zero,  and  boiling  point  as  100°. 

Reaumur. — The  freezing  point  of  water  is  taken  as 
zero,  and  the  boiling  point  as  80°. 

A  degree  Centigrade  is  therefore  greater  than  a  degree  of 
Fahrenheit  as  nine  is  greater  than  five  ;  and  a  degree  of  Reau- 
mur is  greater  than  nine  is  greater  than  four. 

To  reduce  Fahrenheit  degrees  to  Centigrade,  subtract  32 
from  the  given  degree  of  Fahrenheit  and  multiply  the  remain- 
der by  5  and  divide  it  by  9  :  (F.° — 32)  J. 

To  reduce  Centigrade  to  Fahrenheit,  multiply  the  given  de- 
gree of  Centigrade  by  9  and  divide  the  product  by  5,  then  to 
the  quotient  add  32  :  ( J  C.°  _j_  32). 

To  reduce  Fahrenheit  to  Reaumur,  subtract  32  from  the 
given  degree  of  Fahrenheit  and  multiply  the  remainder  by  4 
and  divide  by  9:  (F.° — 32)  f. 

To  reduce  Reamur  to  Fahrenheit,  multiply  the  given  degree 
of  Reamur  by  9  and  divide  by  4,  then  add  32  :  (JR.0  -f-  32.) 

5.    Effects  of  Wind  in  Cooling;  Glass. 
(Ltuchars.) 

3.26  miles 2:58  minutes. 

5.18      "      2:16 

6-54  "  1:91 

8.86  "  1:66 

10.90  "  1:50 

I3-36  "  1.25 

iy-97  "  1:08 

20.45  "  1:00         " 

24-54      "     -91 

27.27      "     :8i 


Miscellaneous  Tables,  Figures  and  Notes.       133 


6.    Per  Cent,  of  Rays  of  Light  Reflected  from  Glass  Roofs  at 
Various  Angles  of  Inclination. 

(Bouguer. ) 

i° '. 2.5  per  cent. 

2-5 

2-5 

2.7 

3-4 

5-7 

II. 2  " 

22.2  " 

41-2 


IOU 
20° 
30° 
40° 

50° 

60° 
70° 

80° 

85° 


•54-3 


Glass  in  use 
previous 
to  1887. 


Area  of  Glass  in  Various  States   and  Provinces, 
Commercial  Greenhouse  Purposes. 

{Stewart. ) 

in  use 
nous 
887. 

Alabama 50,000 

Arkansas J4»474 

California 213,660 

Connecticut 

Delaware 79, 100 

District  of  Columbia .     125,000 

Florida 20,000 

Georgia 33, 100 

Illinois 1,422, 533 

Indiana 142, 866 

Iowa 125, 580 

Kansas 31,600 

Kentucky    320,400 

Louisiana 24,420 

Maine 102,033 

Maryland 185,526 

Massachusetts 1,375,000 


used  for 


•  INCREASE   IN 

1887  , 

For  cut- 

For 

Total 

flowers. 

plants. 

increase. 

3,000 

6,780 

9,780 

8,188 

4.150 

12,338 

59,810 

32,200 

92,010 

35.071 

17.551 

52,622 

•2   OOO 

o  OOO 

37.100 

4,000 

41,000 

20,000 

10,000 

30,  ooo 

2,400 

500 

2,900 

12,676 

36,824 

99,500 

20,575 

23,  240 

43,8-15 

27,900 

13,110 

41,010 

i,  800 

2,250 

4,050 

11,400 

7,600 

19,000 

19.130 

2Q  Qo8 

4,000 

23,130 

29,908 

S3.00Q 

'34 


The  Horticulturist' 's  Rule- Book. 


Area  of  Glass  for  Commercial  Greenhouse  Purposes,  continued. 


Glass  in  use 
previous 
to  1887. 


For  cut- 
flow *ers. 


-INCREASE   IN   1887 > 

For  Total 

plants,     increase. 

Minnesota 138,500  22,600  5,600  28,200 

New  Hampshire....       86,450  11,825  3>275  15.100 

New  Jersey 2,114,245  297,529  59,504  357-033 

New  York 1,412,500  60,700  19,250  79, 950 

North  Carolina 15,400  1,500  4,500  6,000 

Ohio 1,378,929  67,000  50,230  117,230 

Pennsylvania 1,315,240  183,050  83,576  266,626 

Rhode  Island 93, 771  13,918  1,000  14,918 

South  Carolina 3,300  3,825      3,825 

Tennessee 62,200  9,636  6,500  16,136 

Texas 18,600  3,800  5,980  9,780 

Vermont 37,95°  7,700  7,200  14,900 

Virginia 53,868  15,240  5,200  10,040 

West  Virginia 19, 800  

Wisconsin 148,230  24,806  3,127  27,933 

Ontario 176, 498  61, 500 

Quebec 103,696  12,790  8,577  21,367 

8.    National  and    Party  Flowers. 

Canada Sugar  Maple. 

China Narcissus. 

Egypt  ....    Lotus  (Nymphaa  Lotus}. 

England Rose. 

France Fleur-de-lis  (Iris). 

Germany Corn-flower  (Centaurea  Cyanus.) 

Greec-  (Athens) Violet. 

Ireland Shamrock    ( Trifolium,    usually 

T.  rep  ens). 

Italy Lily. 

Japan Chrysanthemum. 

Prussia Linden. 

Saxony Mignonette. 


Miscellaneous  Tables,  Figures  and  Notes.       1 35 

National  and  Party  Flowers,  continued. 

Scotland Thistle. 

Spain Pomegranate. 

Wales  .  .  .  .  Leek. 


Beaconfield's  followers Primrose. 

Bonapartists     Violet. 

Ghibellines White  lily. 

Guelphs Red  lily. 

Prince  of  Orange The  orange 

9.     Dates  at  which  Various  Fruits  and  Nuts  Appear  in  North- 
ern Markets. 

(from  Ne^cv  Rngland  Grocer. ) 

NUTS. — Peanuts,  about  the  first  of  November. 

Walnuts,  French,  Naples  and  Grenoble,  about  the  middle  of 
November. 

Pecans,  about  the  same  time  as  walnuts. 

Filberts,  about  the  first  of  November. 

Castanas,  early  in  March. 

Almonds,  shelled  about  October  first,  and  Ivica  and  Princess 
about  forty-five  days  later. 

Shellbarks,  October  first. 

Baracoa  cocoanuts  begin  to  come  during  the  latter  part  of 
March  and  the  first  of  April. 

Chestnuts,  late  in  September. 

DRIED  FRUITS. — Citron  (Leghorn),  October  first. 

Currants,  the  middle  of  October. 

Dates,  Fard  about  the  middle  of  November,  and  Persian 
about  December  12. 

Prunes,  French,  about  the  middle  of  October,  and  Turkish 
a  month  or  so  later. 

Raisins,  Malaga  fruit,  which  includes  loose  Muscatels,  2,  3, 
4  and  6  crown  ;  and  Imperial  Cabinet  layers,  B.  B.,  Empire 
Cluster,  Royal  and  Imperial  begin  to  put  in  appearance  about 


136  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Dates  Fruits  and  Nuts  Appear  in  Northern  Markets,  continued, 
the  first  of  November.     California  laisins  begin  to  come  early 
in  October.     Sultana  raisins  are  due  about  October  first,  and 
New  Valencias  about  the  same  time. 

FOREIGN  GREEN  FRUIT. — Oranges,  Messina,  Valencia  and 
Palermo,  and  all  Mediterranean  fruit  early  in  December. 

Florida  oranges  generally  begin  to  arrive  the  first  of  No- 
vember. Jamaicas  get  here  the  middle  of  September. 

Lemons,  Messina,  Valencia  and  Palermo  and  all  Mediter- 
ranean fruit  December  first. 

Aspmwall,  Cuban,  Jamaica  and  Baracoa  bananas  come  the 
year  round,  every  month  in  the  year,  and  about  every  day  in 
the  month  a  portion  of  che  time — certainly  every  week  in  each 
month. 

Pineapples,  mostly  Havanas,  come  whenever  there  is  a  de- 
mand for  them,  the  year  round,  Florida  pines  come  during 
the  latter  part  of  May  and  the  first  of  June. 

Grapes.  Malagas,  are  due  about  October  first. 

New  figs  begin  to  come  along  about  the  same  time. 

DOMESTIC  GREEN  FRUIT. — Apples,  new,  early  in  August. 
Russetts  generally  make  their  appearance  upon  the  market 
early  in  the  winter,  and  Gravensteins  in  December. 

Pears,  September. 

Peaches,  Jersey,  latter  part  of  August  and  early  in  Septem- 
ber. Delawares  early  in  August. 

Plums.  All  along  from  August  first  to  the  middle  of  No- 
vember. 

Grapes.  Hamburgs  are  in  the  market  about  all  the  year 
round,  save,  perhaps,  three  or  four  months.  Catawbas  ar- 
rive about  the  middle  of  August,  and  ives  about  the  same 
time. 

Berries.  Blueberries,  usually  in  July.  Blackberries  are 
liable  to  arrive  any  time  in  June. 

Watermelons  are  with  us  from  the  first  of  June  to  the  first 
of  September. 

Cantaloupes.     Early  in  July,  lasting  about  three  months. 


Miscellaneous  Tables,  Figures  and  Notes.       137 

10.    What  Constitutes  Wholesale   Quantities. 

The  wholesale  fruit  dealers  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  have 
adopted  the  following  rules  to  govern  the  least  quantities  of 
fruits  to  be  sold  at  wholesale  rates  : 

BANANAS. — Not  less  than  one  bunch. 

APPLES. — Not  less  than  one  barrel  or  box  as  received  ;  no 
packages  to  be  broken. 

PINEAPPLES. — Not  less  than  twenty-five. 

ORANGES. — Not  less  than  one  box  ;  no  packages  to  be  broken 

LEMONS. — Not  less  than  one  box  ;  no  packages  to  be  broken. 

GRAPES  OF  ALL  KINDS. — Not  less  than  five  baskets. 

MALAGA  GRAPES. — By  the  keg  only. 

PEACHES. — Not  less  than  one  box  or  one  bushel  crate,  or  not 
less  than  five  baskets  ;  no  packages  to  be  broken.  If  in  half- 
bushel  lots,  not  less  than  two. 

PEARS. — One  box  or  barrel ;  if  in  baskets  not  less  than  five 

WATERMELONS. — Not  less  than  twenty-five. 

MUSKMELONS. — Not  less  than  twenty-five. 

STRAWBERRIES  AND  ALL  OTHER  BERRIES. — Not  less  than  a 
thirty-two  quart  crate,  unless  small  quantity  received.  A 
sixty-quart  crate  may  be  halved.  An  exception  made  with 
raspberries  ;  not  less  than  fifteen  quarts.  In  February  and 
March,  strawberries,  not  less  than  fifteen  quarts. 

ii.    Average    Prices    in     France   of  Various    Orchid    Flowers. 
{Orchidophile}. 

From  20  to  25  centimes*  :     Dcndrobium  nobile,   Wardii. 

30  centimes :  Cypripedium  insigne,  Masdevallia  Lindeni 
Harryana,  ignea}  Veitchii,  Odontoglossum  Pescatorei,  Rossi* 

From  30  to  60  centimes :  'Odontoglossum  crispum  (Alex- 
andi'(c),  triumphant,  luteo-purpureum,  Schlieperianum,  Insleayi 
Cat  t  ley  a  amethystina,  Skinner  i. 

From  60  to  75  centimes :  Cypripedium  villosum,  Harrisianum 
Spicerianum,  Boxalli. 

From   i   franc  to  i  franc  and  25  centimes  :      Odontoglossum 

*A  centime  is  about  one-fifth  of  a  cent,  and  a  franc  is  about  20  cents. 


138 


The  Horticulturist"  s  Rule- Book, 


Average  Prices  of  Various  Orchid  Flowers,  continued. 
grande,   Lycaste  Skinneri  (price  sometimes  as  low  as  50   cen- 
times),   Ccelogyne    cristata   (per  truss),  Cattleya  labiata,  Mossia:, 
Perdvaliana,  Gaskeliana,  Perrini,  Pinelli,  elegans,   Triana:. 

From  i  franc  and  50  centimes  to  2  francs  :     Various  Vandas, 
Cattleya  Domiana. 

Trusses  of  ALrides  and  Saccolabium  sell  from  a  franc  and  a 
half  to  3  francs,  or  even  for  5  francs  for  extra  good  specimens. 

12.    Weights  of  Various  Varieties  of  Apples  per  Bushel. 

The  following  varieties,  just  from  the  trees  in  October,  gave 
the  following  weights  : 

Pounds. 
47 


Pounds. 

Baldwin 50 

Belmont 50 

Ben  Davis 47 

Bunker  Hill 49 

Cabashae 57 

Esopus  Spitzenburg 44 

Fallawater 48 

Golden  Russet 53 

Lawver 47 

Nickajack 51 

Northern  Spy 46 


Pennock  

Rambo 50 

Rhode  Island  Greening  .  .  .52 

Roxbury  Russet 50 

Rubicon 46 

Stark ^6 

Swaar 51 

Sweet  Bough 39 

Talman  Sweet 48 

Tompkins  King 44 

Yellow  Bellefleur 46 


43.    Various  Recipes  and   Rules. 

Black  ink  for  zinc  labels. — Verdigris,  i  ounce  ;  salam- 
inoniac,  i  ounce ;  lamp  black,  yz  ounce  ;  rain  watsr,  y2  pint. 
Mix  in  an  earthenware  mortar  or  jar  and  put  up  in  small  bot- 
tles. To  be  shaken  before  use  and  used  with  a  clean  quill  pen 
on  bright  zinc. 

To  prevent  boilers  from  filling  with  sediment  or  scale. 

• — i.  Exercise  care  to  get  clean  water  and  that  which  contains 
little  lime.  2.  Blow  it  out  often.  It  can  be  blown  out  a  little 
every  day,  and  occasionally  it  should  be  blown  off  entirely.  3. 
Put  slippery  elm  bark  In  che  boiler  tank.  Or,  if  slippery  elm 
is  not  handy,  use  potato  peelings,  flax  seed,  oak  bark,  spent  tan 


Miscellaneous  Tables •,  Figures  and  Notes.       139 

Various  Recipes  and  Rules,  continued. 

or  coarse  saw-dust.  4.  Put  in  with  the  feed  water  or  other- 
wise, a  small  quantity  of  good  molasses  (not  a  chemical 
syrup),  say  ^  pt.  to  i  pt.  in  a  week,  depending  upon  size  of 
the  boiler.  This  will  remove  and  prevent  incrustation  without 
damage  to  the  boiler.  These  vegetable  substances  prevent,  in 
a  measure,  by  mechanical  means,  the  union  of  the  particles 
of  lime  into  incrustations. 

Cutting  glass  bottles. — i.  Pass  5  or  6  strands  of  coarse 
packing  twine  round  the  bottle  on  each  side  of  where  you  want 
it  divided,  so  as  to  form  a  groove  ^  inch  wide  ;  in  this  groove 
pass  one  turn  of  a  piece  of  hard-laid  white  line,  and  extend 
the  two  ends ;  fasten  to  some  support.  Saw  the  bottle  back- 
wards and  forwards  for  a  short  time  ;  after  a  minute's  friction, 
by  a  side  motion  of  the  bottle,  throw  it  out  of  the  line  in  a  tub 
.of  water,  and  then  tap  the  side  of  the  tub  and  the  bottom  will 
fall  off. 

2.  Fill  the  bottle  the  exact  height  you  wish  it  to  be  cut,  with 
oil  of   any  kind ;  dip,  very  gradually,  a  red-hot   iron  into  the 
oil.     The  glass  suddenly  chips  and  cracks  all  round,  then  the 
upper  surface  may  be  lifted  off  at  the  surface  of  the  oil. 

3.  For  cutting  bottoms  of  bottles  off  make  a  slight  nick  with 
a  file,  and  then  mark  round  with  a  streak  of  ink  where  you 
want  it  to  come  off.     Make  an  iron  red-hot  and  lay  it  on  the 
nick.     This  will  cause  it  to  expand  and  crack,  then  by  moving 
the  rod  round,  the  crack  will  follow. 

To  preserve  wooden  labels. — Thoroughly  soak  the  pieces 
of  wood  in  a  strong  solution  of  copperas  (sulphate  of  iron) ; 
then  lay  them,  after  they  are  .dry,  in  lime  water.  This  causes 
the  formation  of  sulphate  of  lime,  a  very  insoluble  salt,  in  the 
wood 

To  prepare  paper  for  hot-bed  sash. — Use  a  sash  without 
bars,  and  stretch  wires  or  strings  across  it  to  secure  as  a  rest 
for  the  paper.  Procure  stout  but  thin  manilla  wrapping  paper 
and  paste  it  firmly  on  the  sash  with  fresh  flour  paste.  Dry  in 
r,  warm  place  and  then  wipe  the  paper  with  a  damp  sponge  to 


140  The  Horticulturist* s  Rule- Book. 

Various  Recipes  and  Rules,  continued. 

cause  it  to  stretch  evenly.      Dry  again,  and  then  apply  boiled 

linseed  oil  to  both  sides  of  the  paper,  and  dry  again  in  a  warm 

place. 

Cowdung  is  highly  prized  by  many  gardeners  for  us«  in 
potting  soil.  It  is  stored  under  cover  and  allowed  to  remain 
until  dry,  being  turned  several  times  in  the  meantime  to  pul- 
\»erize  it.  Manure  water  is  irade  either  from  this  dried  excre- 
ment, or  from  the  fresh  material.  When  made  from  the  fresh 
material,  the  manure  water  should  be  made  weaker  than  in 
the  other  case. 

To  find  the  bushels  of  shelled  corn  in  a  crib  or  bin  of 
corn  in  the  ear,  divide  the  cubic  contents  by  2. 
To  find  the  number  of  bushels  of  potatoes,  apples,  etc., 

in  a  bin,  multiply  the  cubic  contents  by  8  and  point  off  one 
figure  in  the  product. 

To  find  the  tons  of  hay  in  a  mow  or  stack,  divide  the 
cubic  contents  by  about  510,  if  the  hay  is  not  well  settled,  or 
by  about  460  if  the  hay  is  well  packed. 

Approximate  value  of  household  measures. — 

i  teaspoonful  equals  i  dram. 

i  dessertspoonful  equals  2  teaspoonfuls,  or  2  drams. 

1  tablespoonful  equals  2  dessertspoonfuls,  or  4  teaspoonfuls. 

2  tablespoonfuls  equals  8  teaspoonfuls,  or    i  ounce. 

i  common  size  wineglassful  equals  2  ounces,  or  yz  gill. 

A  tea  cup  is  estimated  to  hold  4  fluid  ounces,  or  i  gill. 

i  pound  of  wheat  is  equal  to  about  i  quart. 

i  pound  and  2  ounces  of  Indian  meal  is  equal  to  i  quart. 

i  pound  of  soft  butter  is  equal  to  about  i  pint. 

i  pound  of  sugar  is  equal  to  about  i  pint. 

14.     Various  Figures. 

From  7  to  12  bushel  of  apples  are  required  for  a  barrel  of 
cider. 

A  bushel  of  average  apples  gives  from  6  to  7  pounds  of 
evaporated  product. 


Miscellaneous  Tables,  Figures  and  Notes.       141 


Various  Figures,  continued. 

PRODUCT  OF  DIUED  RASPBERRIES  (Professor  Green).  — 

Ohio  ...........................   9      Ibs.  to  the  bushel. 

Gregg 


Hilborn 
Ada 
Tyler 
Shaffer 


8 


Raspberries  contain  from  i  *4  to  3  Ibs.  of  seeds  to  the  bushel. 

A  pint  of  garden  blackberries  weighs  about  one  pound. 

Good  clusters  of  American  grapes  weigh  on  an  average  from 
one-half  to  three-fourtti  pounds-,  while  extra  good  clusters  will 
reach  a  pound  and  a  half.  Clusters  have  been  reported  which 
weighed  two  pounds. 

A  bushel  of  sweet-corn  ears,  "in  the  milk,"  with  the  husks 
which  come  from  it,  weighs  from  50  to  70  Ibs. 

There  are  about  5,000  honey  bees  in  a  pound. 

SAMPLES  OF  DATES  ON  THE  TITLE  PAGES  OF  OLD  BOOKS. 


[3 is.  .    500 

Mcccclxjij is .  .  1463 

MccccLxxz M72 

Mccccyz r472 

Mcccc.  II 472 

Mccccxxc 1480 

MCCCCmjXXVIII 1488 

Miiiic  iiii  x  Vlij 1488 

MCDXCV 1495 

M.  VD     ...  1495 

MiiijD.          ....  1496 

MjjjD    1497 

MIII.D    1497 

MCCCCXCviii 1498 

MID 1499 

McoXciX    J499 

MccccID 1499 

MCCCCXCViiij 1499 

MCDXCIX 1499 

M  cccc  iCi 1500 

MD 1500 

MCDCII 1502 


M.DXLIX 1549 

MlQL  or  MDL *55° 

M.D.VIL 1554 

oo  DLXVI 1566 

oo   DLXX 1570 


cIoIoLXXX    1580 

1580 
1581 

oo  DXXCII  : 1582 

MCCCCCLXXXI1I    ...    1583 

CIC   ID  XXCVl 1586 

oo  D  XXCIIX 1588 

QlCIoXXCUX 1588 

MDXC  1590 

1700 
.  1750 
1791 
1800 

MDCCC    1800 

cic.  loccc 1800 


CHAPTER  XVI. 


RULES. 

i.     Loudon's  Rules  of  Horticulture. 

1.  Perform  every  operation  in  the  proper  season  and  in  the 
best  manner. 

2.  Complete  every  operation  consecutively. 

3.  Never,  if  possible,  perform  one  operation  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  render  another  necessary. 

4.  When  called  off  from  any  operation,  leave  your  work  and 
tools  in  an  orderly  manner. 

5.  In  leaving  off  work,    make  a  temporary  finish,   and  clean 
your  tools  and  carry  them  to  the  tool-house. 

6.  Never  do  that  in  the  garden  or  hothouses,  which  can  be 
equally  well  done  in  the  reserve  ground  or  in  the  back  sheds. 

7.  Never  pass  a  weed  or  an  insect  without  pulling  it  up  or 
taking  it  off,  unless  time  forbid. 

8.  In  gathering  a  crop,  take  away  the  useless  as  well  as  the 
useful  parts. 

9.  Let  no  plant  ripen  seeds,  unless  they  are  wanted  for  some 
purpose,  useful  or  ornamental,  and  remove  all  parts  which  are 
in  a  state  of  decay. 

2.     Rules  of  Nomenclature. 

I.        RULES    FOR    NAMING    FRUITS, 

Adopted  by  the  American  Pomological  Society. 

1.  The  originator  or  introducer  (in  the  order  named)  has  the 
prior  right  to  bestow  a  name  upon  a  new  or  unnamed  fruit. 

2.  The  Society  reserves  the  right,  in  case  of  long,  inappro- 
priate, or  otherwise  objectionable  names,  to  shorten,  modify- 

142 


Rules.  143 

Rules  of  Nomenclature,  continued. 

or  wholly  change  the  same,  when  they  shall  occur  in  its  dis- 
cussions or  reports  ;  and  also  to  recommend  such  names  for 
general  adoption. 

3.  The  names  of  fruit   should,  preferably,  express,  as  far  as 
practicable  by  a  single  word,  the  characteristics  of  the  variety, 
the  name  of  the  originator,  or  the  place  of  its  origin.     Under  no 
ordinary  circumstances  should  more  than  a  single  word  be  em- 
ployed. 

4.  Should  the  question  of  priority  arise  between  different 
names  for  the  same  variety  of  fruit,  other  circumstances  being 
equal,  the  name  first  publicly  bestowed  will  be  given  prefer- 
ence. 

2.      RULES    FOR    NAMING    KITCHEN    GARDEN    VEGETABLES, 

As  adopted  by  the  committee  on  nomenclature  of  the  Associa- 
tion of  American  Agricultural  Colleges  and  Experiment  Sta- 
tions : 

1.  The  name  of  a  variety  shall  consist  of  a  single  word,  or  at 
most,    of  two  words.     A  phrase,    descriptive  or  otherwise,  is 
never  allowable  ;  as  Pride  of  Italy,  King  of  Mammoths,  Earliest 
of  All. 

2.  The  name  should  not  be  superlative  or   bombastic.     In 
particular,  such  epithets  as  New,  Large,  Giant,  Fine,  Selected, 
Improved,  and  the  like,  should  be  omitted.  If  the  grower  or  dealer 
has  a  superior  stock  of  a  variety,  the  fact  should  be  stated  in 
the  description  immediately  after  the  name,  rather  than  as  a 
part  of  the  name  itself  ;  as,  "  Trophy,  selected  stock." 

3.  If  a  grower  or  dealer  has  secured  a  new  select  strain  of  a 
well  known  variety  it  shall  be  legitimate  for  him  to  use  his  own 
name  in  connection  with  the  established  name  of  the  variety  ; 
as  Smith's  Winnigstadt,  Jones's  Cardinal. 

4.  When  personal  names  are  given  to  varieties,  titles  should 
be  omitted  ;  as,  Major,  General,  etc. 

5.  The  term  hybrid  should  not  be  used  except  in  those  rare  in- 
stances in  which  the  variety  is  known  to  be  of  hybrid  origin. 

6.  The  originator  has  the  prior  right  to  name  the  variety ; 


144  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Rules  of  Nomenclature,  continued. 

but  the  oldest  name  which  conforms  to  these  rules  should  be 

adopted. 

7.  This  committee  reserve  the  right,  in  its  own  publications, 
to  revise  objectionable  names  in  conformity  with  these  rules. 

3.     WORK    OF    THE    SOCIETY    OF    AMERICAN    FLORISTS. 

This  society  adopted  a  resolution  demanding  reform  in 
names  of  ornamental  plants  at  the  meeting  of  1888,  and  a 
committee  was  appointed.  Definite  reform  has  not  yet  been 
inaugurated,  however. 

3.     Rules  for  Exhibition. 

I.     AMERICAN    POMOLOGICAL    SOCIETY    RULES. 

For  Exhibitors. 

1.  A  plate  of  fruit   must   contain   six   specimens,  no   more, 
no  less,  except  in   the  case  of  single  varieties  not   included  in 
collections. 

2.  To    insure    examination   by   the   proper   committees,    all 
fruits  must    be  correctly  and   distinctly    labeled,    and    placed 
upon  the  tables  during  the  first  day  of  the  exhibition. 

3.  The  duplication   of  varieties   in  a  collection  will  not  be 
permitted. 

4.  In   all  cases  of  fruits  intended  to  be  examined  and   re- 
ported  by  committees,    the  name   of  the  exhibitor,   together 
with  a  complete  list  of   the  varieties  exhibited  by  him,  must  be 
delivered  to  the  secretary  of  the  society  on  or  before  the  first 
day  of  the  exhibition. 

5.  The  exhibitor  will   receive  from  the   secretary  an    entry 
card    which  must  be  placed  with   the  exhibit,  when  arranged 
for  exhibition,  for  the  guidance  of  committees. 

6.  All  articles  placed  upon  the  tables  for  exhibition  must  re- 
main in  charge  of  the  society  till   the  close  of  the  exhibition, 
to  be  removed  sooner  only  upon  express  permission  of  the  per- 
son or  persons  in  charge. 

7.  Fruits  or  other  articles  intended  for    testing,   or  to  be 


Rules. 


Rules  for  Exhibition,  continued. 
given  away  to  visitors,  spectators,  or  others  will  be  assigned  a 
separate  hall,  room  or  tent,  in  which  they  may  be  dispensed 
at  the  pleasure  of  the  exhibitor,  who  will  not,  however,  be 
permitted  to  sell  and  deliver  articles  therein,  nor  to  call  at- 
tention to  them  in  a  boisterous  or  disorderly  manner. 

For  the  Guidance  of  Examining  and  Awarding  Committees. 

1.  In  estimating  the  comparative  values  of  collections  of 
fruits,  committees  are  instructed  to  base  such  estimates  strictly 
upon  the  varieties  in  such  collections  which  shall  have  been 
correctly  named  by  the  exhibitor,  prior  to  action  thereon  by 
the  committee  on  nomenclature. 

2.  In  instituting  such  comparison  of  values,  committees  are 
instructed  to  consider  :     ist,  the  values  of  the  varieties  for  the 
purposes  to  which  they  may   be  adapted  ;  2d,  the  color,  size, 
and  evenness  of  the  specimens  ;  3rd,  their  freedom  from  the 
marks  of  insects  and  other  blemishes;  4th,  the  apparent  care- 
fulness in  handling,  and  the  taste  displayed  in  the  arrangement 
of  the  exhibit. 

2.       MASSACHUSETTS    HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY    RULES. 

Special  Rules  of  the  Fruit  Committee.  —  i.  All  collections 
and  single  dishes  of  fruit  offered  for  prizes  at  any  exhi- 
bition must  have  marked  zipon  the  cards  the  numbers  of  the  prizes 
for  which  they  are  offered. 

2.  All  fruits  offered  for  premiums  must  be  correctly  named. 
Indefinite     appellations,     such     as     "Pippin,"     "Sweeting," 
"Greening,"  etc.,  will  not  be  considered  as  names. 

3.  All  fruits  offered  for  premiums  must  be  composed  of 
exactly  the  number  of   specimens  or  quantity  named  in,  the 
Schedule.     A  "dish"  of    apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  nec- 
tarines, quinces,  figs,  apricots,  etc.,  is  understood  to  contain 
twelve  specimens,  and   this  number  will   be  required  of    all 
fruits  when  not  otherwise  specified. 

4.  The  whole  quantity  required  of  any  one  variety  of  fruit 
must  be  shown  in  a  single  dish  or  basket. 

R-IO 


146  The  Horticulturist's  Rule-Book. 

Rules  for  Exhibition  (Mass,  Hort,  Society),  continued. 

5.  Contributors  of  fruits  for  exhibitions  or  prizes  must  pre- 
sent the  same  in  the  Society's  dishes.      All  small  fruits  must  be 
shown  in  baskets,  not  more  than  an  inch  and  three-quarters  in 
depth,  which  will  be  furnished  to  exhibitors  by  the  superin- 
tendent, at  cost.     Market  baskets  will  not  be  allowed  on  the 
tables. 

6.  No  person  can  compete  for  more  than  one  prize  with  the 
same  variety  or  varieties  of    fruit  ;  except  that  a  single  dish 
may  be  of  the  same  variety — but  not  the  same  specimens — as 
one  of  a  collection ;  and  also  that  the  same  variety — but  not 
the  same  specimens — may  compete  for  both  special  and  regu- 
lar prizes. 

7.  Grapes   grown   on   girdled   vines    cannot   compete   for   a 
premium. 

8.  All  fruits  offered  for  prizes  [exceptions  noted],  and  those 
for  foreign  grapes  must  be  of  out-door  culture. 

The  Fruit  Committee,  in  making  their  awards,  will  consider 
the  flavor,  beauty,  and  size  of  the  specimens,  comparing  each 
of  these  properties  with  a  fair  standard  of  the  variety.  The 
adaptation  of  the  variety  to  general  cultivation  will  also  be 
taken  into  account.  Other  things  being  equal,  specimens  most 
nearly  in  perfection  as  regards  ripeness  will  have  the  prefer- 
ence. 

Special  Rules  of  the  Vegetable  Committee.  —  i.  The  speci- 
mens offered  must  be  well  grown,  and  placed  on  the  tables 
clean,  correctly  labeled,  and  fully  complying  with  the  Rules 
and  Regulations  of  the  Society. 

2.  Special  gratuities  will  be  awarded  for  well-grown  varieties 
from  under  glass,  previous  to  the  opening  exhibition. 

3.  All  vegetables  offered  for  premiums  must  be  composed  of 
exactly  the  number  of    specimens  or  quantity  named  in  the 
schedule. 

4.  All  vegetables  offered  for  premiums  at  any  exhibition 
must  have  marked  upon  the  cards  the  numbers  of  the  prizes  for 
which  they  are  offered. 


Rules.  147 

Rules  for  Exhibition,  continued. 

5.  Prizes  will  not  be  awarded  when  the  articles  are  judged 
unworthy. 

6.  Non-compliance  with  the  rules  will  cause  the  rejection  of 
the  articles  offered  for  premium. 

Special  Rules  of  tJie  Flower  Committee. — i.  All  named 
varieties  of  plants  or  flowers  exhibited  for  premiums  must 
have  the  name  legibly  and  correctly  written  on  stiff  card,  wood, 
or  some  other  permanent  substance  ;  and  each  separate  plant 
or  flower  must  have  its  name  attached. 

2.  All   plants,  flowers,   bouquets,   designs,  etc.,  offered    for 
prizes  at  any  exhibition,  must  have  marked  upon  the  cards  the 
numbers  of  the  prizes  for  which  they  are  offered. 

3.  Plants  in  pots    to  be  entitled  to  prizes,  must  evince  skil- 
ful culture  in  the  profusion  of  bloom,  and  the  beauty,  sym- 
metry, and  vigor  of  the  specimens. 

4.  All  exhibitors  not  strictly  complying  with  the  above  rules 
will  be  excluded  from  competition  for  premiums. 

5.  No  gratuities  will  be  awarded  on  other  than  regular  prize 
days,  except  for  objects  of  special  merit. 

3.     MICHIGAN    HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY    RULES. 

For  Exhibitors. — Entries  may  be  made  for  exhibition,  with- 
out competition  ;  and  if  worthy,  the  Awarding  Committee  are 
expected  to  properly  notice  them  in  their  reports. 

No  article  entered  for  competition  in  one  class  will  be  per- 
mitted to  compete  for  a  premium  in  any  other,  except  as  here- 
inafter expressly  provided. 

Each  entry  of  collection  of  fruits  must  be  accpmpanied  by  a 
correct  list  of  the  varieties  of  each  class  of  fruits,  named  in 
the  order  of  their  maturity  as  nearly  as  may  be.  No  pre- 
miums will  be  awarded  in  the  absence  of  such  list. 

Fruits  will  be  valued  by  committees  according  to  their  adap- 
tation to  the  requirements  under  which  they  are  entered.  A 
really  superior  dessert  fruit,  if  entered  in  a  market  collection, 
can  only  receive  credit  for  its  value  for  the  market,  as  given  in 


148  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Rules  for  Exhibition  (Mich,  Hort,  Society),  continued, 
the  Society's  catalogue  ;  and  vice  versa,  market  varieties  found 
in  a  dessert  or  family  collection  must  be   adjudged  by  their 
proper  value  for  family  purposes. 

A  plate  of  fruit,  unless  otherwise  specified,  must  contain  five 
specimens — no  more — no  less.  Of  those  usually  designated 
"small  fruits,"  the  exhibit  must  be  one  pint  of  each  variety. 
Of  crab  apples  and  plums,  one  dozen  of  each  variety.  Of 
dried  fruits,  one  quart  of  each  separate  variety  or  article. 
Jellies,  canned,  pickled  and  preserved  fruits,  may  be  entered 
and  shown  in  glass  vessels,  of  such  character  and  capacity  as 
are  commonly  employed  for  family  or  market  purposes. 

Flowers,  plants,  evergreens,  and  such  other  articles  as  the 
fancy  of  the  exhibitor  may  suggest,  may  be  freely  employed  in 
the  ornamentation  of  exhibits,  in  any  manner  that  shall  not 
essentially  interfere  with  the  examinations  of  committees,  or 
the  general  designs  of  decoration ;  and  full  weight  will  be 
given  to  such  ornamentation  by  the  awarding  committees  in 
rendering  their  awards. 

The  entry  card,  furnished  by  the  secretary,  specifying  the 
class  and  number  of  the  entry,  must  in  all  cases  be  placed  in 
connection  with  the  articles  to  which  it  appertains,  as  a  guide 
to  committees. 

Articles  when  entered,  named  and  arranged  for  exhibition 
will  thenceforth  be  strictly  under  the  control  of  the  officers  in 
charge  of  the  exhibition,  and  neither  exhibitors  or  spectators 
will  be  permitted  to  handle  them,  except  by  permission  of  the 
proper  officer. 

Any  exhibitor,  having  been  awarded  a  premium  upon  an 
article,  and  removing  the  same  prior  to  the  close  of  the  exhibi- 
bition,  without  permission  of  the  officer  in  charge,  will  by  so 
doing  forfeit  his  right  to  such  premium. 

The  name  of  the  fruit  should,  in  no  case,  appear  on  the  entry 
card,  except  only  in  the  case  of  single  plates,  or  other  single 
articles. 

Entry  cards,  name  cards,  and  the  cards  of  the  committee  on 


Rules.  149 

Rules  for  Exhibition,  continued. 

nomenclature,  should,  for  the  convenience  of  awarding  com- 
mittees and  other  officers,  be  each  of  a  different  color,  or  other- 
wise printed  in  different  colored  inks. 

Exhibitors  will  not  be  permitted  to  sell  and  deliver  the  arti- 
cles they  may  have  entered  for  exhibition ;  nor  to  bring  fruit, 
nor  any  other  article,  for  the  purpose  of  sale,  on  a  penalty  of 
forfeiture  of  all  premiums,  but  such  articles  must  remain  in 
charge  of  the  officers  until  the  close  of  the  exhibition. 

Any  exhibitor  interfering  with  awarding  committees,  while 
in  the  discharge  cf  their  duties,  will  be  held,  by  so  doing,  to 
have  forfeited  all  premiums. 

For  Awarding  Committees. — i.  The  division  superintend, 
ent  will  be  a  member  and  clerk  of  the  Awarding  Committee 
for  his  division.  The  remaining  members  of  each  committee 
will  be  selected  with  great  care  from  the  best  horticulturists  of 
this  and  neighboring  states.  The  names  of  such  persons  will 
not  be  made  public  until  the  time  of  the  fair. 

2.  Members  of  the  Awarding  Committee  are  requested  to  re- 
port  to   the  president,  at  the  secretary's    office,  on  or  before 
noon  of  the  second   day  of  the  fair,  that  the  places  of  those 
failing  to  report  may  be  supplied. 

3.  The  president  is  chairman  of  the  committee  on  nomen- 
clature ;  but  to  expedite  the  business  of  correction,  the  super- 
intendent of  each  division  will  correct  the  nomenclature  of  his 
division,  appealing  to  the  chairman  in  all  doubtful  cases,  and 
attaching  the  committee's  card  in  all  cases  in  which  correc- 
tions are  made. 

4.  No  exhibitor  will  be  permitted  to  act  on  a  committee  in  a 
class  in  which  he  shall  exhibit  for  premiums. 

5.  Members  of   the  Awarding  Committees  are  requested  to 
report  to  the  president,  at  the  secretary's  office,  at  i  o'clock  p. 
M.   on    Thursday,    when    they  will    receive    their    committee 
books,  together  with  such  explanations  and  instructions  as  may 
at  the  time  seem  needful. 

6.  Upon  conclusion  of  their  labors,  not  later  than  the  after- 


15°  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Rules  for  Exhibition  (Mich.  Hort.  Society),  continued, 
noon  of  Friday,  Awarding  Committees  will  deliver  their  reports 
to  the  president,  who  will  examine  them,  and  in  case  of  insuf- 
ficiency or  omission,  will  return  them  with  instructions.  When 
accepted  by  the  president,  they  will  be  delivered  to  the  sec- 
retary. 

7.  When   an   exhibit  is  not  deemed  v/orthy  of  a  premium, 
the  committee  will  withhold  the  award. 

8.  A  majority  of    an  Awarding  Committee,  when   present, 
shall  constitute  a  quorum,  and  of  those  present  the  first  on  the 
list  shall  act  as  chairman,  unless  the  committee  shall  arrange 
otherwise. 

9.  Awarding    Committees,  in    estimating    the    comparative 
values  of  exhibits,  are  instructed  to  base  such  estimates  strictly 
upon  the  varieties  in  such  collections  that  shall  be  correctly 
labeled  by  the  exhibitors,  prior  to  the  corrections  of  the  com- 
mittee on  nomenclature.  •* 

10.  In  awarding  premiums  upon  any  and   all   exhibits   of 
fruits,  committees  will  exclude  any  and  all  unlabeled  and  incor- 
rectly labeled  specimens,  as  well  as  duplicates,  and  consider  : 
ist,  the  value  of  the  varieties  for  the  required  purpose,  as  given 
in  the  Society's  Catalogue  of  Fruits  ;    2d,  the  color,  size  and 
evenness  of  the  specimens  ;  3d,  their  freedom  from  the  marks 
of  insects  and  other  blemishes  ;  4th,  the  apparent  carefulness 
in   handling  and  the  tastefulness  of   the  exhibit,  recollecting 
that  the  gradations  of  the  catalogue  call  for  perfect  specimens. 
These  gradations  should,  therefore,  be  correspondingly  lowered 
in  case  of  deficiencies  or  imperfections.     A  copy  of  the  cata- 
logue, will,  for  this  purpose,  be  furnished  to  each  committee. 
In  grading  collections  entered  for  family  purposes,  the  dessert 
and  culinary  sub-columns  should  be  consulted,  and  the  grada- 
tion expressing  the  highest  value  taken.    For  market,  the  grada- 
tions of  the  market  sub-column  only  should  be  employed. 

11.  In  the  case  of  fruits  not  named  in  the  catalogue,  for  the 
dessert,  committees  should  consider  :  ist,  quality  ;  2d,  beauty  ; 
3d,   size.     For  culinary  uses :    ist,  flavor  ;    2d,  texture  ;    3d, 


Rules.  J5i 

Rules  for  Exhibition,  continued. 

size.     For  market  :    ist,  productiveness  ;   ad,  color  ;  3d,  hand- 
ling qualities ;  4th,  suitable,  even  size. 

12.  The  true  and  legitimate  purpose  of  the  premiums  offered 
is  to  draw  out  the  views  of  both  exhibitors  and  committees  re- 
specting the  relative  values,  for  the  purposes  specified,  of  the 
varieties  included  in  the  exhibits. 

13.  The  society  desires  to  encourage  the  planting  of  only  a 
sufficiently   large   variety   of    sorts   for  the   desired    purpose. 
Hence  it  is  important  that  the  committee,  in  their  reports, 
specify,  in  the  order  of  their  value,  the  varieties  upon  which 
the  determination  of  their  awards  is  based. 

14.  Useful  and  valuable  varieties  only  are  expected  to  influ- 
ence   awards  ;    while    indifferent    sorts,    even    though    large, 
showy  and  attractive,  should   not,  for  these  reasons  alone,  be 
held  to  add  to  the  value  of    an  exhibit,  except,  possibly,  as  a 
means  of  education. 

15.  An  important  object  of  the  society  is  to  collect  valuable 
information  of  a  pomological  character.     Committees  are  there- 
fore requested  to  gather  all  the  information  possible  from  the 
exhibitors  in  their  classes,  and  to  make  their  reports  as  full  as 
time  and  circumstances  will  permit. 

16.  The  society  desires  to  foster  a  free  exercise,  by  exhibit- 
ors, of  the  principles  of  correct  taste  in  the  arrangement,  display 
and  ornamentation  of  their  exhibits.     To  this  end,  committees 
will  give  all  reasonable  and  proper  consideration  to  particulars 
of  this  character. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 


POSTAL  RATES  AND  REGULATIONS. 

i.     Classes  of  Domestic  Mail   Matter,  and   Rates. 

FIRST  CLASS. — Letters,  postal  cards,  and  matter  wholly  or 
partly  in  writing,  whether  sealed  or  unsealed  (except  manu- 
script copy  accompanying  proof  sheets  or  corrected  proof- 
sheets  of  the  same),  and  all  matter  sealed  or  otherwise  closed 
against  inspection. 

Rate. — Two  cents  per  ounce  or  fraction  thereof.  Postal 
cards,  one  cent  each.  On  "drop  "  letters,  two  cents  per  ounce 
or  fraction  thereof,  when  mailed  at  letter-carrier  offices  ;  and 
one  cent  per  ounce  or  fraction  thereof  aLother  offices. 

SECOND  CLASS. — Newspapers  and  publications  issued  at 
stated  intervals  as  often  as  four  times  a  year,  bearing  a  date  of 
issue  and  numbered  consecutively,  issued  from  a  known  office 
of  publication,  and  formed  of  printed  sheets,  without  board, 
cloth,  leather  or  other  substantial  binding.  Such  publications 
must  be  originated  and  published  for  the  dissemination  of  in- 
formation of  a  public  character,  or  devoted  to  literature,  the 
sciences,  art,  or  some  special  industry.  They  must  have  a 
legitimate  list  of  subscribers,  and  must  not  be  designed  pri- 
marily for  advertising  purposes,  or  for  free  circulation  at 
nominal  rates. 

Rate. — One  cent  per  pound  or  fraction  thereof  when  sent 
by  publisher  thereof  and  from  office  of  publication,  including 
sample  copies,  or  when  sent  from  news  agency,  to  actual  sub- 
scribers or  other  news  agents. 

One  cent  for  each  four  ounces  or  fraction  thereof  on  news- 


Postal  Rates  and  Regulations.  153 

Classes  of  Domestic  Mail  Matter,  and  Rates,  continued. 

papers  and  periodical  publications  of  second  class  when  sent  by 

other  than  publisher  or  news  agent. 

One  cent  each  on  nswspapers  (excepting  weeklies)  and  peri- 
odicals not  exceeding  two  ounces  in  weight,  when  deposited  in 
letter-carrier  office  for  delivery  by  carrier  ;  two  cents  each  on 
periodicals  weighing  more  than  two  ounces. 

One  cent  per  pound  on  newspapers,  other  than  weeklies,  and 
periodicals  when  deposited  by  publisher  or  news  agent  in  letter- 
carrier  office  for  general  or  box  delivery  ;  one  cent  for  four 
ounces  or  fraction  thereof  when  deposited  by  other  than  pub- 
lishers or  news  agents,  for  general  or  box  delivery. 

One  cent  per  pound  or  fraction  thereof  on  weekly  newspa- 
pers deposited  by  publisher  or  news  agent  in  letter-carrier 
offices  for  letter  or  box  delivery,  or  delivery  by  carrier  •  one 
cent  for  each  package  not  exceeding  four  ounces,  and  one  cent 
for  each  additional  four  ounces  or  fraction  thereof  when  depos- 
ited by  other  than  publisher  or  news  agent. 

Free  when  one  copy  is  sent  to  each  actual  subscriber  resid- 
ing in  county  where  same  are  printed,  in  whole  or  in  part,  and 
published  ;  but  at  rate  of  one  cent  per  pound  when  delivered 
at  letter-carrier  office,  or  distributed  by  carriers. 

THIRD  CLASS. — Books,  periodicals  and  matter  wholly  in 
print  (not  included  iu  second  class),  proof-sheets,  corrected 
proof-sheets,  and  manuscript  copy  accompanying  the  same. 

"Printed  matter"  is  the  production  upon  paper,  by  any  pro- 
cess except  that  of  handwriting,  of  any  words,  letters,  characters 
figures,  or  images,  or  of  any  combination  thereof,  not  having 
the  character  of  an  actual  and  personal  correspondence. 

A  "circular"  is  a  printed  letter,  which,  according  to  internal 
evidence,  is  being  sent  in  identical  terms  to  several  persons. 
It  is  permissible  to  write,  in  circulars,  the  date,  the  name  of 
the  person  addressed,  or  of  the  sender,  and  to  correct  mere 
typographical  errors. 

Rate. — One  cent  for  each  two  ounces  or  fraction  thereof. 

FOURTH  CLASS. — Merchandise  ;  namely,  all  matter  not  em- 


154  The  Horticulturist s  Ride-Book. 

Classes  of  Domestic  Mail  Matter,  and  Rates,  continued, 
braced  in  the  other  three  classes,  and  which  is  not  in  its  form 
or  nature  liable  to  destroy,  deface  or  otherwise  damage  the 
contents  of  the  mail  bag,  or  harm  the  person  of  any  one  en- 
gaged in  the  postal  service,  and  not  above  the  weight  provided 
by  law.  Includes  seeds  and  plants. 

Rate. — One  cent  per  ounce  or  fraction  thereof  ;  or  on  seeds, 
cuttings,  roots,  scions  and  plants,  one  cent  for  each  two  ounces 
or  fraction  thereof. 

a.     Foreign   Postage. 

To  Canada  and  Mexico,  the  rates  are  the  same  as  domestic 
postage. 

In  the  Universal  Postal  Union,  which  includes  nearly  all  the 
countries  of  the  world  except  New  Zealand  and  most  Austra- 
lian provinces,  rates  are  as  follows : 

Letters,  ^  ounce 5  cents. 

Postal  cards,  each 2      " 

Newspaper  and  other  printed  matter,  per  2  ounces.  .  .    i      " 
Packets  not  in  excess  of  i  o  ozs.    5       " 

Packets  in  excess  of  10  ounces, 
Commercial  papers.  •<  for  each  2  Qunces  or  frac_ 

tion  thereof i       " 

f  Packets  not  in  excess  of  4 

ounces 2      " 


Samples  of  merchandise. 


Packets  in  excess  of  4  ozs. , 


for  each  2  ounces  or 

fraction  thereof i       " 

Registration  fee  on  letters  or  other  articles 10 

The  rates  to  New  Zealand,  New  South  Wales,  Queensland, 
Victoria  and  Tasmania  are:  12  cents  (per  %  oz.)  on  first-class 
matter,  2  cents  a  copy  for  newspapers,  4  cents  for  single  rate  (4 
oz.)  on  printed  matter  other  than  newspapers  and  merchandise. 
Rates  to  China  are  13  cents  for  a  half  ounce  of  first-class  mat- 
ter, 5  cents  for  a  single  rate  (4  oz.)  on  newspapers,  4  cents  for 
a  single  rate  (2  oz.)  on  other  printed  matter  and  merchandise. 
For  Cape  Colony,  Natal,  most  of  Morocco,  and  some  other 


Postal  Rates  and  Regulations.  155 

Foreign  Postage,  continued. 

parts  of  Africa,  and  some  islands,  the  rate  is  15  cents  on  a  half 
ounce  of  first  class  matter  For  Cape  Colony  and  Natal, 
newspapers  demand  4  cents  for  a  single  rate  (4  oz.),  and  other 
printed  matter  and  merchandise,  5  cents  for  a  single  rate  (2  oz.). 

3.     Unmaifable  Matter. 

Held  for  Postage. — Domestic  matter  of  first  class  on  which 
two  cents  has  not  been  prepaid,  and  all  other  domestic  matter 
not  fully  prepaid. 

Misdirected. — Matter  without  address,  or  so  incorrectly,  insuf- 
ficiently or  illegibly  addressed  that  it  cannot  be  forwarded  to 
destination,  including  "nixies"  or  matter  not  addressed  to  a 
Post  Office,  or  addressed  to  a  Post  Office  without  the  name  of 
the  State  being  given,  or  otherwise  so  incorrectly,  illegibly  or 
insufficiently  addressed  that  it  cannot  be  transmitted. 

Destructive. — Matter  of  a  harmful  nature,  poisons,  explosive 
or  inflammable  articles,  live  animals  or  dead  animals  not 
stuffed,  fruits  or  vegetable  matter  liable  to  decomposition, 
comb-honey,  guano,  articles  exhaling  a  bad  odor,  vinous,  spir- 
itous  and  malt  liquors,  liquids  liable  to  explosion,  spontaneous 
combustion,  01  ignition  by  shock  or  jar  (for  example,  kerosene 
oil,  naphtha,  benzine,  turpentine,  etc.).  Bees  and  dried  insects 
or  reptiles  must  be  so  put  up  as  not  to  injure  any  one  handling 
the  mails,  nor  soil  mail  bags  or  their  contents. 

Coin  and  Jewelry. — Coin,  jewelry  and  other  precious  articles 
prohibited  by  postal  treaty  from  being  sent  in  the  mails  to  for- 
eign countries. 

Scurrilous  Matter. — Matter  upon  the  envelope  or  outside 
cover  or  wrapper  of  which,  or  any  postal-card  upon  which,  any 
delineations,  epithets,  terms,  or  language  of  an  indecent,  lewd, 
lascivious,  obscene,  libelous,  scurrilous,  defamatory  or  threat- 
ening character,  or  calculated  by  the  terms  or  manner  or  style 
of  display,  and  obviously  intended  to  reflect  injuriously  upon 
the  character  or  conduct  of  another,  may  be  written  or  printed, 
or  otherwise  impressed  or  apparent. 


156  The  Horticulturist's  Rule-Book 

Unmailable  Matter,  continued. 

Obscene  Matter. — Every  obscene,  lewd  or  lascivious  book, 
pamphlet,  picture,  paper,  letter,  writing,  print  or  other  publi- 
cation of  an  indecent  character,  and  ever£  article  or  thing 
designed  or  intended  for  the  prevention  of  conception  or  pro- 
curing of  abortion,  and  every  article  or  thing  intended  or 
adapted  for  any  indecent  or  immoral  use,  and  every  written  or 
printed  card,  letter,  circular,  book,  pamphlet,  advertisement, 
or  notice  of  any  kind  giving  information,  directly  or  indirectly, 
where  or  how,  or  of  whom,  or  by  what  means  any  of  the  here- 
inbefore mentioned  matters,  articles  or  things  may  be  obtained 
or  made,  whether  sealed  as  first-class  matter  or  not. 

Lottery  Matter. — Letters  and  circulars  known  to  be  concern- 
ing lotteries,  gift  concerts,  etc.,  or  concerning  any  scheme  devised 
and  intended  to  deceive  and  defraud  the  public  for  the  purDOse 
of  obtaining  money  under  false  pretenses. 

Mutilated. — Matter  recovered  from  wrecked  or  burned  mail 
cars  or  vessels,  or  matter  damaged  so  that  it  cannot  be  for- 
warded to  destination.  All  matter  found  loose  in  the  mails, 
separated  from  the  wrapper,  label  or  envelope  containing  the 
address,  so  that  the  direction  cannot  be  known  ;  and  the  mat- 
ter recovered  from  depredations  on  the  mails  and  to  be  restored 
to  the  owners  upon  due  proof  of  ownership. 

Excess  of  Weight  and  Size.  — Packages  of  domestic  third  and 
fourth  class  matter,  weighing  more  than  four  pounds  (except 
single  books  and  official  matter  emanating  from  the  Depart- 
ments at  Washington),  and  of  foreign  matter  in  excess  of 
weight  or  size  fixed  by  stipulation  of  postal  treat 


CHAPTER   XVIII. 


WEATHER  SIGNS,   AND  PROTECTION  FROM   FROST. 

Stationary  barometer  indicates  continuance  of  the  present 
weather. 

Slowly  rising  barometer  usually  indicates  fair  weather. 

Slowly  falling  barometer  indicates  the  approach  of  a  severe 
storm.  One-fifth  to  one-third  of  an  inch  is  sufficient  fall  to 
give  indications. 

Sudden  rise  of  the  barometer  indicates  the  approach  of  a 
storm  or  the  breaking  up  of  an  existing  storm. 

Sudden  fall  of  the  barometer  indicates  high  wind  and  prob- 
able rain. 

When  areas  of  low  and  high  barometer  are  near  together, 
heavy  gales  may  be  expected. 

Long  lines  of  cloud  extending  up  the  sky  from  a  common 
starting  point  often  foretell  a  storm  from  that  quarter. 

When  the  fleecy  or  cirrus  clouds  settle  down  into  horizontal 
bars,  or  ribs,  in  the  upper  sky,  wet  and  foul  weather  may  be 
expected.  This  is  the  ' '  mackerel  sky. " 

If  contiguous  clouds  move  in  various  directions,  rain  is  likely 
to  follow  soon. 

When  small  black  clouds  scud  over  an  overcast  sky,  heavy 
rain  and  bad  weather  may  be  expected. 

Cumulus  clouds  that  preserve  a  well  rounded  form  and  float 
high  in  the  air  indicate  fair  weather. 

Anvil-shaped  cumulus  clouds  usually  indicate  thunder 
storms. 

In  spring  and  fall  rain  is  often  indicated  by  a  dense  bank  of 

(157) 


158  The  Horticulturist"  s  Rule- Book. 

gray  clouds  in  the  east,  in  front  of  which  are  little  shoals  of 
blackish  clouds. 

Cirro-cumulus  clouds — like  bunches  and  fleeces  of  wool 
scattered  high  in  the  sky — are  indications  of  still  and  dry 
weather. 

When  the  rays  of  the  rising  sun  shoot  far  up  into  the  sky, 
fair  weather  may  be  expected. 

When  the  ray-like  ^shadows  of  clouds  over-lie  a  hazy  sky  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  sun,  rain  is  apt  to  follow.  This  is  ex- 
pressed in  the  phrase  "the  sun  drawing  water." 

Gaudy  hues  of  blue  and  purple  at  sunset  prophesy  rain 
and  wind. 

A  bright  red  sunset  means  fair  weather  for  the  morrow. 

A  pale  and  diffuse  sun  at  setting  portends  a  scorm. 

If  the  sun  sets  in  subdued  purple  and  the  zenith  is  pale  blue, 
fair  weather  may  be  expected 

A  deep  red  morning  sky  is  usually  followed  by  bad  weather. 

A  rosy  or  gray  morning  sky  means  good  weather. 

A  sonorous  condition  of  the  atmosphere  foretells  rain. 

A  bank  of  cloud  across  the  southern  horizon  in  winter  indi- 
cates snow.  It  is  frequently  called  the  "snow-bank."' 

If  the  sun  rises  clear,  but  becomes  over-case  within  half  an 
hour,  prepare  for  rain. 

A  halo  about  the  moon  indicates  a  rain  storm. 

If  the  sky  is  white  or  yellowish-white  nearly  to  the  zenith 
after  sunset,  prepare  for  rain  soon. 

Strong  east  winds  indicate  a  storm. 

Haziness  is  indicative  of  dry  weather.  It  is  due  to  dust  in 
the  atmosphere 

When  haziness  suddenly  disappears  and  the  sun  sets  pale 
and  the  sky  is  very  clear,  rain  is  probable. 

When  stars  twinkle  with  unusual  prominence,  rain  may  be 
expected. 

Heavy  dew  indicates  fair  weather. 

Absence  of  dew  for  two  or  three  mornings  in  succession  in 
summer  is  a  precursor  of  rain 


Weather  Signs,  and  Protection  from  Frost.     159 

To  Predict  Frost  (Kedzie). — 

1.  When   the    sunshine    is    very  hot   and    the   shade  very 
cold  and  the  shadows  very  deep,  "there  is  frost  in  the  air," 
because  the  air  is  very  dry  and  radiation  of  heat  little  checked. 

2.  When    the   dew  point    is    more  than   10°  F.  above   frost 
point,  there  is  little  danger  of  frost.     To  find  approximately 
the  temperature  of  dew  point  when  the  temperature  of  the  air 
is  between  45°  and  65°  F. ,  multiply  the  difference  between  the 
wet-bulb  and  dry-bulb  thermometers  by  two  and  subtract  the 
product  from  temperature  of  dry-bulb.     If  the  remainder  is 
above  42°  F.,  there  is  little  danger  of  frost.      The  nearer  this  re- 
mainder comes  to  32°,  the  greater  the  danger  of  frost,  espe- 
cially if  the  air  is  still  and  clouds  disappear  at  sunset. 

T.    Protect  Plants  from  Light  Frosts. — 

1.  Make  a  smudge  in  the  garden  or  vineyard  at  night  when 
the  frost  is  expected.     Rubbish  or  litter  and  tar  make  the  best 
smudge. 

2.  Syringe  the  plants  thoroughly  at  night-fall. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


COLLECTING  AND  PRESERVING. 

I.      Collecting    and     Preserving    Plants. 

Collect  samples  of  all  parts  of  the  plant,  lower  and  upper, 
leaves,  stem,  flowers,  fruit,  and,  in  most  cases,  roots.  In 
small  species,  those  two  feet  high  or  less,  the  whole  plant 
should  be  taken.  Of  larger  plants,  take  portions  about  a  foot 
long.  Press  the  plants  between  papers  or  "driers."  These 
driers  may  be  any  thick  porous  paper,  as  blotting  paper  or 
carpet  paper,  or,  for  plants  which  are  not  succulent  or  very 
juicy,  newspapers  in  several  thicknesses  may  be  used.  It  is 
best  to  place  the  specimens  in  sheets  of  thin  paper — grocer's 
tea-paper  is  good — and  place  these  sheets  between  the  driers. 
Many  specimens  can  be  placed  in  a  pile.  On  top  the  pile 
place  a  short  board  and  a  weight  of  ten  or  a  dozen  pounds. 
Change  the  driers  every  day.  The  plants  are  dry  when  they 
become  brittle  and  when  no  moisture  can  be  felt  by  the  fin- 
gers. Some  plants  will  dry  in  two  or  three  days  while  others 
require  as  many  weeks.  If  the  pressing  is  properly  done  the 
specimens  will  come  out  smooth  and  flat,  and  the  leaves  will 
usually  be  green,  although  some  plants  always  turn  black  in 
drying. 

Specimens  are  usually  mounted  on  single  sheets  of  white 
paper  of  the  stiffness  of  very  heavy  writing  paper  or  thin 
Bristol  board.  The  standard  size  of  sheet  is  ii^xi6>< 
inches.  The  plants  may  be  pasted  down  permanently  and  en- 
tirely to  the  sheet,  or  they  may  be  held  on  by  strips  of  gummed 
paper.  In  the  former  case,  Denison's  fish  glue  is  the  best 

(160) 


Collecting  and  Preserving.  161 

Collecting  and  Preserving  Plants,  continued, 
eunv  Ao  use.  But  one  species  or  variety  should  be  placed  on  a 
sheet.  The  species  of  a  genus  are  collected  into  a  genus 
cover.  This  cover  is  a  folded  sheet  of  heavy  manilla  or  other 
firm  paper,  and  the  standard  size,  when  folded,  is  12x16^ 
inches.  On  the  lower  left  hand  corner  of  this  cover  the  name 
of  the  genus  is  written.  A  label  should  accompany  each 
specimen  upon  the  separate  sheets.  The  specimens  are  now 
ready  to  be  riled  away  on  shelves  in  a  horizontal  position.  If 
insects  attack  the  specimens,  they  may  be  destroyed  by  fumes 
of  bisulphide  of  carbon  or  chloroform.  In  this  case  it  is 
necessary  to  place  the  specimens  in  a  tight  box  and  then  insert 
the  liquid.  Usually,  however,  specimens  are  dipped  in  poison, 
and  then  dried,  before  being  mounted. 

HERBARIUM  POISONS,  i.  120  grains  of  arsenic  acid  dis- 
solved in  a  quart  of  alcohol.  The  arsenic  acid  is  very  deli- 
quescent and  the  bottle  must  be  kept  tightly  corked.  This  is 
Dr.  Gray's  favorite  preparation,  and  is  used  in  the  herbarium 
at  Harvard  University. 

2.  Place   as   much    corrosive   sublimate    in    alcohol    as   the 
liquid  will  dissolve.     If  the  poison  is  applied  with  a  brush, 
care  must  be  taken  to  avoid  one  with  iron  trimmings,  as  the 
sublimate  corrodes  the  iron. 

3.  Dissolve  i^  oz.   of  corrosive  sublimate  in  i  pt.  of  alco- 
hol ;  add  2J^    fluid   drams  of  carbolic  acid   and  apply  with  a 
paint  brush. 

4.  i   Ib.  of  corrosive   sublimate,  i  Ib.  of  carbolic  acid  to  4 
gals,  of  methylated  spirit. 

Camphor,  frequently  renewed  in  each  cabinet,  is  often  suffi- 
cient to  prevent  the  attack  of  insects. 

2.     Preserving   and    Printing  of   Flowers    and  Other   Parts  of 
Plants. 

To  PRESERVE  THE  COLOR  OF  DRIED  FLOWERS. — i.  Im- 
merse the  stem  of  the  fresh  specimen  in  a  solution  of  32 
parts  by  weight  of  alum,  4  of  nitre  and  186  of  water  for  two 
or  three  days  until  the  liquid  is  thoroughly  absorbed,  and  then 


1 62  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Preserving  and  Printing  of  Flowers  and  Plants,  continued, 
press   in   the   ordinary  way,   except    that   dry   sand   is   sifted 
over  the  specimen  and  the  packet  submitted  to  the  action  of 
gentle  heat  for  twenty-four  hours. 

2.  Make  a  varnish  composed  of  20  parts  of  powdered  copal 
and  500  parts  of  ether,  powdered  glass  or  sand  being  used  to 
make  the  copal  dissolve  more  readily.     Into  this  solution  the 
plants  are  carefully  dipped  ;  then  they  are  allowed  to  dry  for 
10  minutes,  and  the  same  process  is  repeated  four  or  five  times 
in  succession. 

3.  Plants   may  also  be  plunged  in  a  boiling  solution  of  i 
part  of  salicylic  acid  and  600  of  alcohol,  and  then  dried  in 
bibulous  paper.     But  this  should  be  very  rapidly  done,  violet 
flowers  especially  being  decolorized  by  more  than  an  instan- 
taneous immersion. 

4.  Red  flowers  which  have  changed  to  a  purplish  tint  in  dry- 
ing may  have  their  color  restored  by  laying  them  on  a  piece  of 
paper  moistened  with  dilute  nitric  acid  (i  part  to   10  or   12 
parts  of  water),  and  then  submitting  them  to  moderate  pres- 
sure for  a  few  seconds  ;  but  the  solution  must  not  touch  the 
green  leaves,  as  they  would  be  decolorized  by  it. 

5.  With  Sulphur.     (Quin.) — Procure   a  chest  about  3  or  4 
ft.  square,  with  a  small  opening  in  the  under  part  of  one  side, 
to  be  closed  by  a  bar,  through  which  the  basin  containing 
brimstone  must  be  put  into  the  chest ;  this  opening  must  be 
covered  inside  with  perforated  tin,  in  order  to  prevent  those 
flowers  which  hang  immediately  over  the  basin  from  being 
spoiled.     Paper  the  inside  to  render  it  air-tight.     When  the 
chest  is  ready  for  use,  nail  small  laths  on  two  opposite  sides  of 
the  interior,  at  a  distance  of  about  6  inches  apart,  upon  which 
lay  thin  round  sticks  upon  which  to  arrange  the  flowers  ;  these 
should  not  be  too  close  together,  or  the  vapor  will  not  circulate 
freely  through  the  vacant  spaces  around  the  flowers.     When 
the  chest  is  sufficiently  full  of  flowers  close  it  carefully,  place 
a  damp  cloth  on   the  sides  of  the  lid,  and  some  heavy  stones 
upon  the  top  of  it;  then  take  small  pieces  of  brimstone,  put  them 


Collecting  and  Preserving.  163 

Preserving  and  Printing  of  Flowers  and  Fruits,  continued. 
in  a  small  flat  basin,  kindle  and  put  through  the  opening  in  the 
bottom  of  the  chest  and  shut  the  bar.  Leave  the  chest  undis- 
turbed for  twenty-four  hours,  after  which  time  it  must  be 
opened,  and  if  the  flowers  be  sufficiently  smoked  they  will  ap- 
pear white  ;  if  not  they  must  be  smoked  again.  When  suf- 
ficiently smoked,  take  the  flowers  out  carefully  and  hang  them 
up  in  a  dry  airy  place  in  the  shade,  and  in  a  few  days  or  even 
hours  they  will  recover  their  natural  color,  except  being  only 
a  shade  paler. 

To  give  them  a  very  bright  and  shining  color,  plunge  them 
into  a  mixture  of  10  parts  of  cold  water  and  i  of  good  nitric 
acid  ;  drain  off  the  liquid,  and  hang  them  up  again  the  same  as 
before.  The  best  flowers  for  this  process  are  asters,  roses, 
fuchsias  (single  ones),  spiraeas  (red-flowered  kinds,  such  as  cal- 
losa,  Douglasi,  etc.),  ranunculus,  delphiniums,  cytisus,  etc. 
The  roses  ought  to  be  quite  open,  but  not  too  fully  blown. 

6.  In  sand.  (Quin.) — Dry  the  plants  in  clean  silver  sand,  free 
from  organic  matter  (made  so  by  repeated  washing,  until  the 
sand  ceases  to  discolor  the  water).  Heat  the  sand  rather  high, 
and  mix  with  it  by  constant  stirring  a  small  piece  of  compo- 
site candle,  which  prevents  the  sand  from  adhering  to  the 
flowers.  Have  a  box  not  higher  than  3  inches  but  as  broad  as 
possible  ;  this  box  should  have  instead  of  a  bottom  a  narrow- 
meshed  iron-wire  net  at  a  distance  of  %  inches  from  where 
the  bottom  should  be.  Place  the  box  on  a  board  and  fill  with 
sand  till  the  net  is  just  covered  with  a  thin  layer  of  sand  ; 
upon  this  layer  of  sand  place  a  layer  of  flowers,  on  that  a 
layer  of  sand,  then  flowers,  and  so  on ;  the  layers  of  sand 
should  vary  in  thickness  according  to  the  kind  of  flowers,  from 
Y%  inch  to  X  inch. 

When  the  box  contains  about  three  layers  of  flowers,  it  must 
be  removed  to  a  very  sunny  dry  place,  the  best  being  close 
under  the  glass  in  an  empty  greenhouse,  exposed  to  the  full 
influence  of  the  sun.  After  a  week,  if  the  weather  is  sunny 
and  dry,  the  flowers  will  be  perfectly  dried  ;  then  the  box  is 


164  The  Horticulturist" s  Rule- Book. 

Preserving  and  Printing  of  Flowers  and  Plants,  continued, 
lifted  a  little,  the  sand  falls  gently  through  the  iron  net,  and 
the  flowers  remain  in  their  position  over  the  net  without  any 
disturbance  whatever. 

They  should  then  be  taken  out  carefully  and  kept  in  a  dry 
and,  if  possible,  dark  place,  where  no  sun  can  reach  them, 
and  afterwards  they  will  keep  very  well  for  many  years. 

Care  should  be  taken  that  the  flowers  are  cut  in  dry  weather 
and  that,  while  laying  in  the  sand,  no  part  of  a  flower  shall 
touch  another  part,  as  this  always  spoils  the  color  and  causes 
decay.  Sand  should  be  filled  in  between  all  the  parts  of  the 
flower ;  therefore  it  is  necessary  to  insert  the  double  flowers 
in  an  erect  position,  in  order  to  fill  the  sand  between  the  pet- 
als, while  most  of  the  single  flowers  must  be  put  in  with  the 
stalks  upwards. 

To  KEEP  FRESH  FLOWERS. — If  cut-flowers  are  not  needed 
immediately,  wet  them  and  then  wrap  them  in  paper  and 
place  in  a  box  in  a  cool  place.  Keep  as  cool  as  possible 
without  freezing. 

The  disagreeable  odor  which  comes  from  flowers  in  vases  is 
due  to  the  decay  of  the  leaves  and  stems  in  the  water.  There- 
fore remove  all  the  lower  leaves  before  putting  flowers  in  vases. 

Flowers  which  have  stood  in  a  vase  for  a  day  or  so  can  be 
greatly  refreshed  if  taken  from  the  vase  at  night,  thoroughly 
sprinkled,  wrapped,  stems  and  blossoms  and  all,  as  closely  as 
possible  in  a  soaked  cloth,  and  laid  aside  until  the  morning. 
They  will  be  much  fresher  than  if  they  had  been  left  in  their 
vases,  yet  will  not  have  bloomed  out  so  much.  Before  thus 
laying  them  aside,  and  again  in  the  morning,  a  bit  of  each 
stem  should  be  cut  off,  as  the  end  soon  hardens.  This  ought 
also  to  be  done  once  or  twice  a  day,  even  if  the  flowers  are 
kept  constantly  in  their  vases.  Roses  which  have  drooped  be- 
fore their  time — as,  for  example,  when  worn  on  the  dress — 
may  be  wonderfully  revived  if  the  stems,  after  being  thus  cut 
are  placed  for  ten  minutes  in  almost  boiling  water  and  then  re- 


Collecting  and  Preserving.  165 

Preserving  and  Printing  of  Flowers  and  Plants,  continued, 
moved  to  cold  water.     It  is  also  well  to  add  a  little  charcoal  or 
ammonia  to  the  water  in  which  flowers  are  standing. 

If  salt  is  added  to  the  water  in  which  cut-flowers  are  kept,  it 
will  delay  wilting  and  decay. 

PRINTING  PLANTS. — i.  First,  lightly  oil  one  side  of  the  paper, 
then  fold  in  four,  so  that  the  oil  may  filter  through  the  pores, 
and  the  plant  may  not  come  into  direct  contact  with  the  liquid. 
The  plant  is  placed  between  the  leaves  of  the  second  folding, 
and  in  this  position  pressed  (through  other  paper)  all  over  with 
the  hand,  so  as  to  make  a  small  quantity  of  oil  adhere  to  its  sur- 
face. Then  it  is  taken  out  and  placed  between  two  sheets  of 
white  paper  for  two  impressions,  and  the  plant  is  pressed  as 
before.  Sprinkle  over  the  invisible  image  remaining  on  the 
paper,  a  quantity  of  black-lead  or  charcoal,  and  distribute  it  in 
all  directions  ;  the  image  then  appears  in  all  its  parts.  With 
an  assortment  of  colors  the  natural  colors  of  plants  may  be  repro- 
duced. To  obtain  fixity,  resin  is  previously  added  to  the 
black-lead  in  equal  parts.  Expose  to  the  heat  sufficient  to 
melt  the  resin. 

2.  The  best  paper  to  use  is  ordinary  wove  paper  without 
water-marks  ;  if  it  can  be  afforded,  use  thin  drawing  paper. 
First,  select  the  leaves,  then  carefully  press  and  dry  them.  If 
they  be  placed  in  a  plant  press,  care  must  be  taken  not  to 
put  too  great  pressure  on  the  specimens  at  first,  or  they  will 
be  spoiled  for  printing.  An  old  book  is  the  best  for  drying  the 
samples  to  be  used.  Take  printer's  or  proof  ink,  and  a 
small  leather  dabber ;  work  a  bit  of  ink  about  the  size  of  a 
pea,  on  a  small  piece  ot  slate  or  glass  with  the  dabber  until  it 
is  perfectly  smooth ,  A  drop  or  two  of  linseed  oil  will  assist 
the  operation.  Then  give  the  leaf  a  thin  coating,  being  care- 
ful to  spread  it  equally  ;  then  lay  the  leaf  ink  downwards  on 
a  sheet  of  paper  and  place  it  between  the  leaves  of  an  old 
book,  which  must  then  be  subjected  to  a  moderate  pressure  in 
a  copying  press,  or  passed  between  the  rollers  of  a  ringing 
machine.  Impressions  can  be  taken  with  greater  rapidity  by 


1 66  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Preserving  and  Printing  of  Flowers  and  Plants,  continued, 
laying  the  book  on  the  floor  and  standing  upon  it  for  a  few  sec- 
onds. Soft  book  paper  is  the  best,  and,  previous  to  using  it, 
place  a  few  sheets  between  damp  blotting  paper,  which  causes 
it  to  take  the  ink  still  more  readily.  At  first  you  will  find  that 
you  lay  on  too  much  ink.  If  the  impression  is  too  black,  use 
the  leaf  again.  If  the  midrib  of  the  leaf  is  too  thick,  it  must 
be  shaved  down  with  a  sharp  knife. 

3  Leaf -Prints.  (Engle.) — i.  A  small  ink  roller,  such  as 
printers  use  for  inking  type.  2.  A  quantity  of  green  printer's 
ink.  3.  A  pane  of  stout  window  glass  (the  larger  the  better) 
fastened  securely  to  an  evenly  planed  board  twice  the  size  of 
the  glass.  A  small  quantity  of  the  ink  is  put  on  the  glass  and 
spread  with  a  knife,  after  which  it  is  distributed  evenly  by 
going  over  in  all  directions  with  the  ink  roller.  When  this  has 
been  carefully  done,  the  leaf  to  be  copied  is  laid  on  a  piece  of 
waste  paper  and  inked  by  applying  the  roller  once  or  twice 
with  moderate  pressure.  This  leaves  a  film  of  ink  on  the 
veins  and  network  of  the  leaf,  and  by  placing  it  on  a  piece  of 
blank  paper  and  applying  considerable  pressure  for  a  few  mo- 
ments the  work  is  done,  and  when  the  leaf  is  lifted  from  the 
paper  the  impress  remains  with  all  its  delicate  tracery,  faith- 
ful in  color  and  outline  to  the  original. 

To  make  the  ink  of  proper  consistency,  add  several  drops 
of  balsam  copaiba  to  a  saltspoonful  of  ink.  In  case  the  leaf 
sticks,  the  ink  is  too  thick. 

SKELETONIZING  PLANTS. — i.  By  Maceration. — Place  the  leaves 
in  water,  and  allow  them  to  remain  in  the  same  water  for  from 
three  to  four  months,  until  the  soft  matter  decays,  and  the  stem 
may  be  taken  in  the  hand,  and  the  refuse  shaken  away.  There 
remains  behind  a  network  or  skeleton  of  the  original  object, 
which  can  be  bleached  with  a  little  lime.  Leaves  and  pods 
may  both  be  treated  satisfactorily  in  this  manner.  The  pod  o> 
the  '  Jimson  weed  "  or  Datura  Stramonium  is  a  favorite  for 
this  purpose. 

2.    By  Chemicals. — Chloride  of   lime,  %  lb.;  washing   soda: 


Collecting  and  Preserving.  167 

Prosorving  and  Printing  of  Flowers  and  Plants,  continued. 
y2  lb.  Put  the  soda  into  i^  pts.  boiling  water,  (rain  water  is 
best)  and  let  it  thoroughly  dissolve.  Put  the  chloride  of  lime 
in  a  largo  pitcher,  and  add  samo  quantity  of  cold  water.  Stir 
well  and  cover  closely,  to  prevent  the  escape  of  the  chlorine. 
When  the  soda  water  is  cool,  pour  it  on  the  chloride  of  lime, 
stir  well  together  and  cover  tightly,  leaving  it  for  an  hour  or 
more.  Then  pour  off  very  gently  the  clear  liquid,  which  must 
be  bottled  tightly. 

This  solution  will  remove  fruit  stains  from  white  goods,  and 
will  bleach  any  vegetable  substances.  When  used  for  cotton 
or  linen,  it  must  be  considerably  diluted,  and  the  goods  well 
rinsed  afterwards. 

3.  Perfumery. 

PERMANENT  ATTAR  or  OTTO  OF  ROSES  (Ellwanger). — The 
roses  employed  should  be  just  blown,  of  the  sweetest  smelling 
kinds,  gathered  in  as  dry  a  state  as  possible.  After  each  gather- 
ing, spread  out  the  petals  on  a  sheet  of  paper  and  leave  until 
free  from  moisture  ;  then  place  a  layer  of  petals  in  the  jar, 
sprinkling  with  coarse  salt ;  then  another  layer  of  coarse  salt 
alternating  until  the  jar  is  full.  Leave  for  a  few  days,  or  until 
a  broth  is  formed  ;  then  incorporate  thoroughly  and  add  more 
petals  and  salt,  mixing  thoroughly  daily  for  a  week,  when  fra- 
grant gums  and  spices  should  be  added,  such  as  benzoin,  storax, 
cassia  buds,  cinnamon,  cloves,  cardamon  and  vanilla  bean. 
Mix  again  and  leave  for  a  few  days,  when  add  essential  oil  of 
jasmine,  violet,  tuberose  and  attar  of  roses,  together  with  a 
hint  of  ambergris  or  musk,  in  mixture  with  the  flower  ottos  to 
fix  the  odor.  Spices,  such  as  cloves,  should  be  sparingly  used. 

PERFUME  JAR — i .  One  lb.  of  dried  rose  petals  bought  at  a 
drug  store,  4  ozs.  of  salt  and  2  ozs.  of  saltpeter,  on  which  put  8 
drops  of  essence  of  ambergris,  6  drops  of  essence  of  lemon  4 
drops  oil  of  cloves,  4  drops  oil  of  lavender,  and  2  drops  of  es- 
sence of  bergamont. 

2.  Half  lb.  of  common  salt,  %  lb.  saltpeter,  #  oz.  of 
storax.  y^  doz.  cloves,  a  handful  of  dried  bay  leaves,  and  an- 


i68  The  Horticulturist's  Rule-Book. 

Perfumery,  continued. 

other  handful  of  dried  lavender  flowers.  This  basis  will  last 
for  years,  and  petals  of  roses  and  of  other  fragrant  flowers  gath- 
ered on  dry  days  may  be  added  annually.  Or,  powdered  ben- 
zoin, chips  of  sandal-wood,  cinnamon,  orris  root  or  musk  may 
be  added. 

LAVENDER  BAG. — One-half  Ib.  lavender  flowers,  y^  oz.  dried 
thyme  and  mint,  %  oz.  ground  cloves  and  caraway,  i  oz.  com 
mon  salt,  Tie  up  in  a  linen  bag,  which  is  hung  in  the  ward 
robe. 

Orris  root  is  a  good  medium  in  which  to  place  delicate  per- 
fumes for  perfumery  bags. 

4.     Collecting  and   Preserving  Insects. 

Flying  insects  are  caught  in  a  net  made  of  musquito  bar, 
after  the  fashion  of  the  minnow  net.  The  bar  is  made  into  a 
bag  about  a  yard  deep,  and  about  a  foot  in  width  at  the  top. 
The  opening  is  fastened  upon  a  wire  hoop,  which  is  secured  to 
a  pole,  as  a  broom-stick.  Insects  are  killed  by  placing  them  in 
a  "  cyanide  bottle."  This  is  prepared  by  placing  two  or  three 
lumps  of  cyanide  of  potassium  the  size  of  a  quail's  egg  in  a 
museum  bottle  or  glass  jar,  covering  the  lumps  with  dry  plas- 
ter of  Paris,  and  then  adding  just  enough  water  to  make  the 
plaster  set.  The  fumes  of  the  poison  coming  through  the  plas- 
ter quickly  kills  the  insects.  Keep  the  bottle  corked.  The 
cyanide  is  very  poisonous  and  the  fumes  should  not  be  inhaled. 
A  very  broad-mouthed  bottle  with  glass  stopple  is  best.  Bugs 
and  beetles  can  be  pinned  and  mounted  as  soon  as  they  are 
dead.  It  is  customary  to  pin  beetles  through  the  right  wing- 
cover,  and  bugs — as  squash-bug — through  the  triangular  space 
between  the  wings.  Butterflies,  moths,  bees,  flies,  etc.,  must 
be  pressed  to  preserve  the  wings.  This  is  done  by  placing  on 
a  "setting  board."  This  apparatus  is  a  little  trough  with  a 
crack  at  the  bottom.  The  sides  of  the  trough  are  made  of 
thin  bits  of  board,  three  or  four  inches  wide  and  a  foot  or  more 
long.  These  sides  have  very  little  slant.  The  crack  in  the 


Collecting  and  Preserving.  169 

Collecting  and  Preserving  Insects,  continued, 
bottom  of  the  trough  is  left  about  a  half-inch  wide,  and  it  is 
covered  beneath  with  a  strip  of  cork.  The  body  of  the  in- 
sect is  now  placed  lengthwise  the  crack,  a  pin  is  thrust  through 
the  thorax,  or  middle  division  of  the  insect,  into  the  cork,  and 
the  wings  are  laid  out  on  the  sides  of  the  trough.  The  wings 
are  held  in  place  by  strips  of  card-board  pinned  over  them, 
care  being  taken  not  to  stick  the  pins  through  the  wings.  In 
about  two  weeks  the  insects  will  be  dry  and  stiff. 

Insects  must  be  kept  in  tight  boxes  to  keep  other  insects 
from  devouring  them.  Cigar  boxes  are  good.  Tight  boxes 
with  glass  covers  are  generally  used  by  large  collectors. 
Place  sheets  of  cork  in  the  bottom  of  the  box  to  receive  the 
pins.  If  insects  attack  the  specimens,  expose  them  in  a  tight 
box  to  vapors  of  bisulphide  of  carbon  or  benzine. 


CHAPTER   XX. 


ELEMENTS,  SYMBOLS  AND  ANALYSES. 

.    The   Elements  and    their  Symbo's,  and  the   Composition 
of  Various  Substances. 


Aluminum Al. 

Antimony Sb. 

Arsenic As. 

Barium Ba. 

Bismuth Bi. 

Boron B.  * 

Bromine Br. 

Cadmium Cd. 

Cesium Cs. 

Calcium Ca. 

Carbon C. 

Cerium Ce. 

Chlorine   Cl. 

Chromium Cr. 

Cobalt Co. 

Columbium Cb. 

Copper Cu 

Didymium D. 

Erbium Er. 

Fluorine F. 

Gallium Ga 

Glucinum Gl. 

Gold Au. 

Hydrogen H. 

Indium In. 

Iodine I. 

Iridium Ir. 

Iron Fe. 

Lanthanum La. 

Lead Pb. 

Lithium Li. 

Magnesium Mg. 

Manganese  ......  Mn. 


Mercury Hg. 

Molybdenum Mo. 

Nickel Ni. 

Nitrogen N. 

Osmium Os. 

Oxygen O. 

Palladium Pa. 

Phosphorus P. 

Platinum    Pt. 

Potassium K. 

Rhodium    Rh. 

Rubidium Rb. 

Ruthenium Ru. 

Scandium Sc. 

Selenium Se. 

Silicon Si. 

Silver Ag. 

Sodium Na. 

Slrontium    Sr. 

Sulphur S. 

Tantalum Ta 

Tellurium Te. 

Thallium    Tl. 

Thorium Th. 

Tin Sn. 

Titanium Ti. 

Tungsten Wo. 

Uranium Ur. 

Vanadium V. 

Yttrium Y. 

Zinc Zn. 

Zirconium Zr. 


(170) 


Elements,  Symbols  and  Analyses. 


171 


The  Composition  of  Various  Substances. 


Acetic  Acid C2H7O2 

Ammonia NH3 

Aniline    NH2(C6H5) 

Arsenious  Oxide  .  As4O6 
Carbonic  Oxide  .  .  CO 
Carbonic  Dioxide   CO2 

Chloroform CHCI3 

Ferric  Oxide Fe2O3 

Ferrous  Oxide  . .  .  FeO 
Hydrochloric  Acid  HC1 
Mercuric  Oxide  .  .  HgO 

2.    Analyses. 

Compiled    from    many   reliable   sources,   largely   from   the 
labors  of  Drs.  Goessmann  and  S.  W.  Johnson. 

(a.}     GENERAL  ANALYSES  OF  FRUITS  AND  FRUIT  PLANTS. 
i.    Various  Fruits  (Fresenius). 


Nitric  Acid HNO3 

Nitric  Oxide NO 

Nitrous  Oxide N2O 

Nitric  Peroxide  .  .NO2 
Sulphure  tted 

Hydrogen H2S 

Sulphurous  Oxide  SO2 
Sulphuric  Oxide  .SO3 
Sulphuric  Acid .  .  .  H2SO4 


cn 

o 

0 

9 

£ 

Albuminous 
substance. 

Pectous 
substance. 

Soluble 
matter. 

Water. 

Apples  ...  .  . 

6  83 

14  96 

82  04 

Apricots  .  .  . 

766 

8 

283 

12  723 

82  115 

Austrian  Grape  .  . 
Cultivated   Straw- 
berries . 

13.78 

1.020 
I    133 

.832 

.498 

IIQ 

16.49 

9  666 

79-997 

87  474 

Cultivated     Rasp- 
berries   

4  7o8 

I    3^6 

I   746 

86.557 

Green  Grape  
Heart  Cherries  .  . 
Mulberries  
Peaches  

2.96 
13.11 
9-193 

.96 
.351 

1.86 
612 

•477 
•903 
•394 
.463 

10.475 
2.286 
2.031 
6.313 

17-25 
14-043 
9-39 

80.841 

75-37 
84.707 
84.99 

Pears  .  .  .  . 

7  OO 

26 

3  281 

10.90 

83.95 

Red  Currants.  .  . 
Red  Gooseberries. 
Wild  Raspberries. 
Wild  Strawberries 

4.78 
8.063 

3-599 
3-247 

2.31 
L358 
1.980 
1.650 

•45 
.441 

•546 
.619 

.28 
9.69 
1.107 
•145 

8.36 
11.148 
7.500 
6.398 

85.84 

85-565 
83.86 
87.271 

172 


The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 


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^omegranates  

mons  
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Tangierine 
Mandarin 

I  T>  \  J 

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Navels.  .  . 
Russets  . 
Common 
Sour  
L  Oranges,  Guy  Pope 

C/3C/3CL  E                                      ^ 

Elements,  Symbols  and  Analyses.  173 

Analyses,  continued. 

3.   Strawberries,  Average  of  20  Varieties.      (Stone.) 

Water  .................................  90.  52 

Solids  .................................  g.  48 

Free  acH  ..............................  i  .  37 

Glucose  ................................  4  •  78 

Glucose  after  inversion  ..................  5.  46 

Difference  calculated  as  cane  sugar  .......  0.58 

COMPOSITION  OF   DRY   MATTER. 

Ash  ...................................  6.53 

Crude  fiber  .............................  16.  35 

Ether  extract  ...........................  6.  75 

Crude  protein  ..........................  10.  51 

Non-nitrogenous  extract  .................  60.79 


4.   Raspberries. 

Reliance.  Gregg. 

Sugar  ............................      1.78  2.82 

Acid  ..............................  92  .64 

Seed  ............................        3.5  5.612 

Pectose,  protein,  combined  acids,  etc.     3.92  5.91 

Ash    ..............................  43  .42 

Fiber  ............................  32  .48 

Water  ...........................   89.13  84.12 

5.  Peach,  Branches.      (Kedzie.}  Diseasedby 

Ash  constituents.                                 Healthy.  yellows. 

Silica,  SiO2  .....................          1.21  1.40 

Oxide  of  iron,  Fe2O3  ...........          0.92  0.84 

Lime,  CaO  .....................       43-67  45-O2 

Magnesia,    MgO  .................          2.53  2.40 

Potash,  K2O  ....................          7.07  4.93 

Soda,  Na2O  ...................         1.88  2.33 

Phosphoric  acid,  P2O5  ...........         7.20  6.03 

Sulphuric  acid,  SO3  .............         0.54  0.83 

Carbon  dioxide,  CO2  ............        34.7*  35-85 

Chlorine  .......................         o.  07  o.  1  1 

Moisture  and  loss  ................            .30  0.26 


Total..  100.00         100.00 


'74 


The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 


Analyses,  continued. 

6.  Peach,  Fruit  and  Branches.      (Goessmann.} 


j 

£| 

*• 

£| 

rt  £ 

OtJ    0)       . 

rt  £ 

^    w    ^' 

ASH   CONSTITUENTS. 

1    «1 

1    w^J 

•s^  8 

i    ^^-1 

.t:;b'a. 

.tJ^b^^ 

a'b  *! 

CJ     'O       Q       >% 

£  o  *H 

£     O     rrt 

2  o  *^ 

2    O   rt  J3 

£LI  ^>  rt 

(i|  *t^            *2 

PQ  *">   rt 

PQ  ^>  u  -"^ 

g  Pk 

2  a"^ 

B* 

rt  ^^ 

CJ 

CJ 

CJ 

CJ 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

cent. 

cent 

cent. 

cent. 

Ferric  oxide,  Fe2O3  ... 

.58 

.46 

•52 

r-45 

Calcium  oxide,  CaO  .  .  . 

2.64 

4.68 

54-52 

64.23 

Magnesium  oxide,  MgO. 

6.29 

5-49 

7.58 

10.28 

Phosphoric  acid,  P2O5  . 

16.02 

18.07 

n-37 

8-37 

Potassium  oxide,  K2O  . 

74.46 

71.30 

26.01 

I5-67 

Total  

IOO.OO 

IOO.OO 

IOO.OO 

IOO.OO 

7.  Fertilizing  Constituents  in  the  Ash  of  Fruits. 

(Goessmann.] 

Phosphoric 

Name. 

Potash.     Soda. 

Lime 

Magn. 

acid. 

Lombard  Plums  

••••    76.59      

13.26 

2.17 

7-44 

Peaches   

74  46 

2.64 

6.29 

16.03 

Baldwin  Apples  

63  54       i  71 

7  28 

r    C2 

20.87 

Asparagus,  stem  

.     42  Q4          3   %& 

/•  -60 
27.  18 

12  77 

12.31 

roots  

I*  48 

il£"  1  1 

7    £.7 

Clinton  Grapes  .  . 

17  4O          ^    c.  i 

•O-  Tv 

I3.IO 

/  •  J/ 
7.24 

17.87 

Concord  Grapes  

62.29        

I5-50 

1.76 

18.49 

Cranberries  

.    47  06         6  5,8 

18.58 

6.78 

14   27 

White  Currants  

••••    53-81       

17.46 

4.72 

•*•  T"       / 

22.54 

Black  Raspberries  .  .  . 

.  .  .  .    5O.OO       

19.44 

9.60 

20.47 

Blackberries  

,  .  .  .    51.42       

17.22 

5-30 

24-13 

Blueberries  

31.36       

28.02 

9.25 

29.05 

Elements,  Symbols  and  Analyses. 


(b)  ANALYSES  OF  FRUIT  AND  GARDEN  PRODUCTS  WITH  REF- 
ERENCE TO  THEIR  FERTILIZING  CONSTITUENTS 

8.   Analysis  of  Garden  Crops  and  Fruits  for  Fertilizing  Con- 
stituents.     ( Wolff  and  Goessmann. ) 

ONE  THOUSAND   PARTS  OF   THE  PLANTS  CONTAIN: 


NAME. 

Water. 

-/  •'' 

d 

I 

'I 

A 
< 

Potash. 

i 

ij 

Corn,  kernels    

144. 
150. 
750. 
770. 
143- 
160. 

16.0 

4.8 
3-4 
4-9 
35-8 
10.4 
39-0 

12.4 
45-3 
9-5 
19.7 
23-4 
43-i 
274 
40.2 

8.2 

23-9 

7-i 
15-3 
6.4 
11.9 
7-5 
19.5 
9.6 
15.6 
14.0 
8.0 
19.7 
4-9 

IO.O 
10.  1 

5-0 

# 

16.0 
8.1 

10.  1 

9-8 

5-8 

2S.8 
17.2 

2.2 

3-3 

3-9 
2.9 
3-3 
3-3 
8.8 
22.7 

3-7 
16.4 
5-8 
4-3 

IO.I 

9.9 

12.0 

12.8 

3-0 
2.9 
3-8 
4.0 
2.9 

2.8 

3.5 

2.8 

4.3 

5-8 

11 
1:1 

5-4 
2.4 

1.2 

*:i 

2.7 
3-7 
3-9 
2-5 
24 
0.9 

a 

0.8 
1.8 

2.0 

1-7 
i.3 
0.7 

5-° 
6.9 

O.I 

0.5 
0-3 
0.4 

0.2 

1.8 
0.4 
3-2 
1-7 
4.7 
0.6 

2.0 

0.6 
I.I 
0.4 
0.8 
0.8 
1-5 
1.4 
0.5 
0.4 

I.O 
0.2 
0.7 
0.9 
0.2 

csi 

0.8 
3-5 
0.6 
0.9 

o-3 
0.6 
0-3 

O.I 

0-3 
0.9 

O.I 

0.5 

stalk  and  leaves             .   .   . 

Potato,  tubers  

vines                   

Peas,  seed  

vines                          .   . 

Beans,  seed    

vines 

Carrots,  roots  

850. 
822. 
815- 
897. 
920. 

870 
884. 
900. 
890. 
871. 
904. 
767. 
933- 
793- 
Six. 

2.2 

8 
8 

3-0 

2.1 

3-4 
3-o 
2.4 
5-3 
4.0 
4-3 
1.9 
5-4 

leaves               .              . 

Sugar  Beet,  roots    

leaves 

White  Turnip,  roots      *         ... 

leaves 

Swedish  Turnip,  roots  

leaves    .   .       .   . 

White  Cabbage,  head 

roots  

Savoy  Cabbage,  head       .   .   . 

Cauliflower    

Horse-radish,  roots 

Spanish  Radish   roots 

Parsnip,  roots 

Artichoke,  roots  

Asparagus   sprouts 

933- 
860. 
841. 
923- 
94°. 

3-2 

2.7 
2.4 
4-9 

Common  Onion,  bulb    .... 

Celery  

Spinach                                   .   . 

Common  Lettuce    

Head  Lettuce 

943. 

956. 
900. 
743-5 
916.7 
831. 
831- 
825. 

2.2 

2.0 

1.6 
I.I 
5-5 
i-3 
0.6 
0.6 

Roman  Lettuce           

Cucumber  

Pumpkin                          

Rhubarb  roots 

stem  and  leaves  .... 
Apples                       

Pears 

Cherries                

Plums                                       .... 

838. 

Gooseberries     

903. 

Grapes        

830. 
no. 

i-7 
19.0 

seeds     

ij6  The  Horticulturists  Rule- Book. 

Analysis  of  Garden  Crops  and  Fruits,  continued. 

ONE  THOUSAND   PARTS  OF  THE  PLANTS  CONTAIN  : 


NAME. 

oJ 

3 

Magnesia. 

Phosphoric 
acid. 

o 

b 

.§•« 

00 

Chlorine. 

TS 

u 

'o 

35 

Corn  kernels  

0.3 

1.9 

5-7 

O.I 

O.2 

0.3 

stalk  and  leaves        .       ... 

4  9 

2  6 

38 

2.4 

o  6 

13  I 

Potato  tubers 

o  <. 

o  s 

i  6 

o  6 

o  ^ 

vines           .   .              .   . 

* 

6  4 

3-3 

i  6 

1.3 

I.I 

o  9 

Peas  seed     

i.i 

1.9 

8.4 

0.8 

0.4 

O.2 

vines                  ........ 

I5-9 

3-5 

3  5 

2.7 

2.3 

2  9 

Beans,  seed  
vines        .       .    .           .... 

i-5 
11.  i 

2.1 
2.5 

9-7 
3-9 

I.I 

1.7 

0.3 

3.1 

0.2 

I    Q 

Carrots  roots 

o  9 

o  4 

i  i 

o  5 

o  4 

O  2 

leaves       

7  9 

0.8 

I.O 

1.8 

2.4 

2  4 

Su*rar  Beet  roots 

o  4 

o  6 

o  9 

O   ^ 

o  ^ 

o  ? 

leaves     

3  ' 

i  7 

0.7 

o  8 

1.3 

i  6 

leaves  

3-9 

0.5 

0.9 

i  i 

1.2 

O   <\ 

Swedish  Turnip  roots 

o  9 

o  3 

i  i 

o  7 

O  "^ 

O    I 

leaves  .   . 
White  Cabbage,  head 

6-5 

I  2 

0.8 
o  4 

2.0 
I   i 

2.3 
i  3 

1-5 

o  5 

2.1 
O  I 

roots      
Savoy  Cabbage,  head 

2.8 

3  o 

0.6 
o  =\ 

1.4 

2  I 

2.4 

I   2 

i-3 
i  i 

O.I 
O  7 

Cauliflower  

0.5 

o  3 

1.6 

I.O 

o  3 

o  3 

Horse-radish,  roots  
Spanish  Radish,  roots     
Parsnip,  roots     
Artichoke,  roots     
Asparagus,  sprouts  

2.0 
0.7 
I.I 
1.0 

o  6 

0.4 

0.2 

0.6 
0.4 

O  2 

2.0 
0-5 

i-9 
i.i 
o  9 

4-9 
0.3 
0.5 
1-3 
o  3 

0-3 
0-5 
0.4 

0-5 
o  ^ 

i-5 

O.2 
O.I 

O  ^ 

Common  Onion,  bulb 

i  6 

O  T. 

i  ^ 

o  4 

Celery 

2  ~\ 

2  8 

Spinach      .   .       ... 

1    Q 

T     Q 

i  6 

Common  Lettuce  

o  5 

O  2 

o  7 

o  3 

o  4 

j  3 

Head  Lettuce  
Roman  Lettuce  

i-5 

1.2 

0.6 
o  4 

I.O 
I   y 

0.4 

o  4 

0.8 
o  4 

0.8 

O  ^ 

Cucumber                       

o  4 

O  2 

I  2 

o  4 

O  4 

O  "^ 

Pumpkin               

0.3 

O  2 

I  6 

O  1 

o  3 

Rhubarb,  roots    

5-° 

1.6 

0.6 

stem  and  leaves  .   .       .   . 

3-4 

i  3 

O  2 

Apples 

O  I 

O  2 

o  3 

O  I 

O  I 

Pears  

0.3 

0.2 

0.5 

O.2 

O.I 

Cherries                                    .   .   . 

°  3 

O  2 

o  6 

O  2 

O  I 

Plums         

0.3 

O.2 

o  4 

O  I 

O  I 

Oooseberries 

o  4 

O  2 

o  7 

O  2 

O  I 

Strawberries    
Grapes    

0.5 

I.O 

O.4 

0-5 
1.4 

O.I 
0.5 

O.I 
O.I 

0.4 

0.3 

seeds          

5-6 

1.4 

7.0 

0.8 

O.I 

0.2 

Elements,  Symbols  and  Analyses  177 

Analyses,  continu 

9.  Apple  Pomace, 

Water  . 69.90 

Ash .71 

Albuminoids 1.58 

Fiber 4.87 

Nitrogen-free  extract 21.24 

Fat i.  71 


10.    Cranberry  Vines. 

Moisture  at  1 00°  C., ..    13.07         Phosphoric  acid 268 

Nitrogen 77         Magnesium  oxide 253 

Ash  constituents 2.45         Sodium  oxide 080 

Ferric  oxide 087       Potassium  oxide 329 

Calcium  oxide -4°4       Insoluble  matter 834 

ii.    Corn  Fodder. 

Moisture  at  100°  C.  ..  .24.87      '  Potassium  oxide 1.465 

Nitrogen 995       Sodium  -oxide 794 

Phosphoric  acid  . 201       Ferric  oxide 026 

Calcium  oxide 310       Insoluble  matter 1.318 

Magnesium  oxide 093 

12.     Corn  Kernel,  New. 

Water 20.00 

Ash 1.25 

Albuminoids 8.06 

Fiber 1.54 

Nitrogen-free  extract    65.38 

Fat 3-77 


100.00 

13.   Pea-straw. 

Potash 4-73 

Lime 54-9* 

Magnesia 6.88 

Oxide  of  iron °-4° 


lyS  The  Horticulturist 's  Rule- Book. 

Analyses,  continued. 

Oxide  of  manganese o.  15 

Phosphoric  acid 4.83 

Sulphuric  acid 677 

Chlorine o.  09 

Alumina 1.21 

Silica 20.03 


100.  oo 
14.   Peas. 

Potash 36. 05 

Soda 7.42 

Lime 5.29 

Magnesia ,18.46 

Oxide  of  iron o.  99 

Phosphoric  acid 33. 29 

Sulphuric  acid 4. 36 

Chloride  of  sodium 3.13 

Silica 0.51 


15.   Beet,  Egyptian  Turnip. 

Moisture  at  100°  C.  ..  .85.80         Magnesium  oxide    035 

Nitrogen 177       Sodium  oxide 061 

Phosphoric  acid 070       Ferric  oxide 002 

Potassium  oxide 303       Insoluble  matter 018 

Calcium  oxide 049 

1 6.    Carrots. 

Moisture  at  100°  C 90.02       Potassium  oxide 0.54 

Ferric  oxide o.oi       Sodium  oxide o.n 

Phosphoric  acid o.  10       Nitrogen o.  14 

Magnesium  oxide 0.02       Insoluble  matter o.oi 

Calcium  oxide 0.07 

17.     Turnip,  Ruta-baga. 

Moisture  at  100°  C 87.23         Phosphoric  acid 136 

Nitrogen 211       Potassium  oxide 546 


Elements,  Symbols  and  Analyses.  179 

Analyses,  continued. 

Calcium  oxide 106       Ferric  oxide 002 

Magnesium  oxide 030       Insoluble  matter  ......  .001 

Sodium  oxide 051 

(c.)     ANALYSES  OF  ANIMAL   EXCREMENTS. 
1 8.    Common  Barn-yard  Manure,  Fresh. 

Water 710.0       Lime 5.7 

Organic  substance  ....   246.0       Magnesia 1.4 

Ash 44.1       Phosphoric  acid 2.1 

Nitrogen 4.5       Sulphuric  acid 1.2 

Potash 5.2       Silica  and  sand 12.5 

Soda... 1.5       Chlorine  and  Fluorine .  1.5 

19.  Common  Barn-yard  Mamire,  Moderately  Rotted 

Water 75°-°       Lime 7.0 

Organic  substance  ....    192.0       Magnesia 1.8 

Ash 58.0       Phosphoric  acid 2.6 

Nitrogen 5.0       Sulphuric  acid 1.6 

Potash   6.3       Silica  and  Sand 16.8 

Soda 1.9       Chlorine  and  Fluorine .  i  .9 

20.  Common  Barn-yard  Manure,   Thoroughly  Rotted. 

Water 790.  o       Lime 8.8 

Organic  substance  ....    145.0       Magnesia 1.8 

Ash 65.0       Phosphoric  acid 3.0 

Nitrogen 5.8       Sulphuric  acid 1.3 

Potash 5.0       Silica  and  Sand 17.0 

Soda 1.3       Chlorine  and  Fluorine.  1.6 

21.    Cattle  Feces,  Fresh. 

Water 838.0       Lime 3-4 

Organic  substance  ....   145.0       Magnesia i-3 

Ash 17.2       Phosphoric  acid 1.7 

Nitrogen 2.9       Sulphuric  acid 0.4 

Potash i  .o       Silica  and  Sand 7- 2 

Soda 0.2       Chlorine  and  Fluorine .  o.  2 


i8o  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Analyses,  continued. 

22.  Cattle  Urine,  Fresh. 

Water 938.  o       Lime o.  i 

Organic  Substance.  . . .     35.0       Magnesia 0.4 

Ash 27.4       Sulphuric  acid 1.3 

Nitrogen 5.8       Silica  and  Sand 0.3 

Potash 4.9       Chlorine  and  Fluorine.  3.8 

Soda   6.4 

23.  Horse  Feces,   Fresh. 

Water 757 -o       Lime 1.5 

Organic  Substance. ...    211.0       Magnesia 1.2 

Ash 31.6       Phosphoric  acid 3.5 

Nitrogen 4.4       Sulphuric  acid   0.6 

Potash 3.5       Silica  and  Sand 19.6 

Soda 0.6       Chlorine  and  Fluorine.  0.2 

24.   Horse  Urine,    Fresh. 

Water 901  .o       Lime 4.5 

Organic  Substance.  ...     71.0       Magnesia 2.4 

Ash 28.0       Sulphuric  acid 0.6 

Nitrogen 15  5       Silica  and  Sand 08 

Potash 150       Chlorine  and  Fluorine.  1.5 

Soda 2.5 

25.  Sheep  Feces,   Fresh. 

Water 655.0       Lime    4.6 

Organic  Substance.  .  .  .    314.0       Magnesia 1.5 

Ash 31.1       Phosphoric  acid 3.1 

Nitrogen 5.5       Sulphuric  acid 1.4 

Potash 1.5       Silica  and  Sand 17.5 

Soda i.o       Chlorine  and  Fluorine.  0.3 

26.  Sheep  Urine,  Fresh. 

Water 872.0.     Lime 1.6 

Organic  Substance.  ...     83.0       Magnesia 3.4 

Ash 45.2       Phosphoric  acid o.  i 

Nitrogen .      19.5       Sulphuric  acid 3.0 

Potash 22.6       Silica  and  Sand o.  i 

Soda 5.4       Chlorine  and  Fluorine.  5.5 


Elements,  Symbols  and  Analyses.  181 

Analyses,  continued. 

27.  Swine  Feces,   Fresh. 

Water 820.0       Lime 0.9 

Organic  Substance.  . . .    150.0       Magnesia i.o 

Ash 30.0       Phosphoric  acid 4.1 

Nitrogen 6.0       Sulphuric  acid 0.4 

Potash 2.6       Silica  and  Sand 15.0 

Soda 02.5       Chlorine  and  Fluorine.  0.3 

28.  Swine  Urine,  Fresh. 

Water 967.0       Soda 2.1 

Organic  Substance.  ...     28.0       Magnesia 0.8 

Ash 15.0       Phosphoric  acid 0.7 

Nitrogen 4.3       Sulphuric  acid 0.8 

Potash 8.3       Chlorine  and  Fluorine.  2.3 

29.  Htiman  Feces,  Fresh. 

Water 772.0       Lime 6.2 

Organic  Substance ....    198.0       Magnesia 3.6 

Ash 29.9       Phosphoric  acid 10.9 

Nitrogen 10.0       Sulphuric  acid 0.8 

Potash ,. 2.5       Silica  and  Sand 1.9 

Soda 1.6       Chlorine  and  Fluorine .  0.4 

o.   Human  Urine,  Fresh. 

Water 963.0       Lime 0.2 

Organic  Substance. . . .     24.0       Magnesia 0.2 

Ash 13.5       Phosphoric  acid 1.7 

Nitrogen 6.0       Sulphuric  acid 0.4 

Potash 2.0      Chlorine  and  Fluorine.  5.0 

Soda 4.6 

31.   Hen  Manure,   Fresh. 

Water 560.0       Lime 24.0 

Organic  Substance.  . . .   255.0       Magnesia 7.4 

Ash 185.0       Phosphoric  acid 15.4 

Nitrogen 16.3       Sulphuric  acid 4.5 

Potash 8.5       Silica  and  Sand 35-2 

Soda i.o 


1 82  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Analyses,  continued. 

32.  Geese  Manure,  Fresh. 

Water 771-0       Lime 8.4 

Organic  Substance.  ...    134.0       Magnesia 2.0 

Ash 95.  o       Phosphoric  acid 5.4 

Nitrogen 5.5       Sulphuric  acid   1.4 

Potash 9.5       Silica  and  Sand 14.0 

Soda 1.3 

33.  Duck  Manure,  Fresh. 

Water 566.0       Lime 17.0 

Organic  Substance 262.  o       Magnesia 3.5 

Ash 172.0       Phosphoric  acid 14.0 

Nitrogen 10.0       Sulphuric  acid 3.5 

Potash 6.2       Silica  and  Sand 28.0 

Soda 0.5 

34.  Dove  Manure,  Fresh. 

Water 5*9- o       Lime 16.0 

Organic  Substance ....   308.  o       Magnesia 5.0 

Ash 173.0       Phosphoric  acid 17.8 

Nitrogen 17.6       Sulphuric  acid 3.3 

Potash 10.0       Silica  and  Sand 20.2 

Soda 0.7 

(</.)  ANALYSES  OF  VARIOUS  MATERIALS  WHICH  ARE  USED  FOR 

FERTILIZERS. 
35.   Peruvian  Guano. 

Moisture  at  ioo°C....  12.17  Potassium  oxide 3.46 

Total  phosphoric  acid ..  18.45  Total  nitrogen 5.13 

Soluble  phosphoric  acid  1.54  Actual  ammonia  3.94 

Reverted  phosphoric  Organic  nitrogen 0.86 

acid  : 5.92  Nitrogen  as  nitric  acid.  0.33 

Insoluble  phosphoric  Insoluble  matter 13.64 

acid 10.99 


r  Elements,  Symbols  and  Analyses.  183 

Analyses,  continued. 

36.    Oak  Leaves. 

Moisture  at  100°  C. . .     9.601       Potassium  oxide 0.549 

Organic  matter 83.360       Phosphoric  acid 0.058 

Mineral  matter 6.840       Nitrogen 0.930 

Ferric  oxide 0.027       Soluble  silica 0.018 

Calcium  oxide 0.548       Insoluble  silica 4-333 

Magnesium  oxide  ....     0.267 

37.   Sea  Weed.     (Two  samples.) 

i.  ii. 

Moisture  at  100°  C 12.05  14.96 

Nitrogen i .  66  1.28 

Phosphoric  acid 44  .17 

Potassium  oxide 3.81  .36 

Calcium  oxide 2.73  3.86 

Magnesium  oxide   1.48  1:30 

Sodium  oxide II-75  8.40 

Chlorine 6.40  5.28 

Insoluble  matter 7.73  .78 

38.    Tobacco  Stems. 

Water *3-47 

Organic  and  volatile  matters  (containing  nitrogen  1.93)  70.85 

Ash  (containing  phosphoric  acid  .53)   15.68 

100.00 
39.  Dissolved  Bone- Black. 

This  material  is  a  superphosphate  prepared  by  treating  refuse 
bone-black  from  sugar  refineries  with  oil  of  vitriol,  which  ren- 
ders nearly  all  of  the  phosphoric  acid  soluble  in  water. 
Soluble  phosphoric  acid  14.55       Insoluble  phosphoric 

Reverted  phosphoric  acid 20 

acid 2.39 

40.   Bone-Black. 

Moisture  at  100°  C. . . .     5.04       Phosphoric  acid 16.56 

Ash 67.43       Insoluble  matter 37 


184  The  Horticulturist* s  Rule- Book. 

Analyses,  continued. 

41.  Bone  Charcoal. 

Moisture  at  100°  C ...      18.16       Reverted     phosphoric 

Ash 7224           acid 5.18 

Total  phosphoric  acid     25.58       Insoluble     phosphoric 

Soluble  phosphoric                        acid 20.02 

acid .38       Insoluble  matter .69 

42.    Ground  Bones.     (Two  samples.) 

i.  ii. 

Moisture  at  100°  C 3.97  12.43 

Ash 49. 35  64. 21 

Total  phosphoric  acid 19 .49  25.67 

Reverted  phosphoric  acid 3.80  6.20 

Insoluble  phosphoric  acid 15-69  19.34 

Nitrogen 4 .04  2.68 

Insoluble  matter 0.78  0.42 

43.   Dried  Blood. 

Moisture 15.02      Nitrogen 8.24 

44.  Dry  Ground  Fish 

Moisture  at  100°  C 8.34 

Ash 37. 76 

Total  phosphoric  acid 8. 23 

Soluble  phosphoric  acid .10 

Reverted  phosphoric  acid 3.81 

Insoluble  phosphoric  acid 4.32 

Nitrogen 6. 81 

Insoluble  matter 82 

45.    Sulphate  of  Ammonia. 

This  article,  now  manufactured  on  a  large  scale  as  a  by- 
product of  gas-works,  usually  contains  over  20  per  cent,  of  ni- 
trogen, the  equivalent  of  from  94  to  97  per  cent,  of  sulphate 
of  ammonia.     The  rest  is  chiefly  moisture. 
Nitrogen 20.02      Equivalent  ammonia  .  24.30 


Elements,  Symbols  and  Analyses.  185 

Analyses,  continued. 

46.    Sulphate  of  Potash.      (Two  samples. ) 
The  double  sulphate  of  potash  and  magnesia  is  usually  sold 
as  "  sulphate  of  potash." 

i.  ii. 

Actual  potash 27.76         51.28 

Equivalent  sulphate  of  potash   51.3  94.8 

47.    Sulphate  of  Magnesia. 

Moisture  at  100°  C.  . . .   29.01       Sulphuric  acid 30.35 

Magnesium  oxide  ...'..    15.87       Insoluble  matter  .......     6.29 

48.   Nitrate  of  Soda. 

Nitrate  of  soda  is  mined  in  Chili  and  purified  there  before 
shipment.  It  usually  contains  about  16  per  cent,  of  nitrogen, 
equivalent  to  97  per  cent,  of  pure  nitrate  of  soda.  It  contains 
besides,  a  little  salt  and  some  moisture. 

Moisture 35       Sulphate  of  soda 21 

Salt  (sodium  chloride). .     .23       Pure  nitrate  of  soda  . .  .99.21 

49.   Muriate  of  Potash.      (Two  samples.) 

Commercial  muriate  of  potash  consists  of  about  80  per  cent, 
of  muriate  of  potash  (potassium  chloride)  ;  15  per  cent,  or 
more  of  common  salt  (sodium  chloride),  and  4  per  cent,  or  more 
of  water. 

i.  n. 

Actual  potash 50.0         52.82 

Equivalent  muriate 79.2         83.7 

50.    German  Potash  Salts — Average  of  n  Analyses. 

Moisture  at  100°  C 13.14  Magnesium  oxide 9.25 

Potassium  oxide     21.63  Sulphuric  acid   10.85 

Sodium  oxide 13-76  Chlorine 35-63 

Calcium  oxide 85  Insoluble  matter 2.08 


1 86  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Analyses,  continued. 

51.   Kainit — Average  0/3  Analyses. 

Moisture  at  100°  C 9.26       Magnesium  oxide 8.97 

Potassium  oxide 14.04       Sulphuric  acid 21,05 

Sodium  oxide 21.38       Chlorine 32.38 

Calcium  oxide 1.12       Insoluble  matter 89 

52.  Land  Plaster  or  Gypsum. 

Hydrated  sulphate  of  lime   74-88 

Matters  insoluble  in  acid 1.28 

Moisture i .  18 

Other  matters,  chiefly  carbonate  of  lime 22.66 

53.  Ashes,    Wood,    Unleached. 

Moisture  at  100°  C I5-?2 

Calcium  oxide 28.61 

Magnesium  oxide .  .  .  . 3-oo 

Ferric  oxide i .  03 

Potassium  oxide 8.72 

Phosphoric  acid o. 32 

Insoluble  matter,  before  calcination 18.49 

after  "  12.12 

54.  Ashes,    Wood,   Leached. 

Moisture  at  100°  C *3-72 

Calcium  oxide 48.07 

Magnesium  oxide 6. 06 

Ferric  oxide 0.68 

Potassium  oxide 1.92 

Phosphoric  acid 1.79 

Insoluble  matter,  before  calcination 5.49 

"  after  "  2.57 

55.  Coal-ashes,  Bituminous 

Water 5.0       Soda 0.4 

Organic  substance 5.0       Magnesia 3.2 

Ash 95.0       Phosphoric  acid 0.2 

Potash 0.4       Sulphuric  acid 8.5 


Elements,  Symbols  and  Analyses.  187 

Analyses,  continued. 

56.    Coal-ashes,    Anthracite. 

Water 5.0       Soda o.i 

Organic  Substance  .....    5.0       Magnesia 3.0 

Ash 90.  o       Phosphoric  acid o.  i 

Potash    o.  i       Sulphuric  acid   .  . 5.0 

57.    Gas  Lime — Average  of  4.  Analyses 

Moisture  at  100°  C 22.28       Sulphuric  acid* 20.73 

Calcium  oxide 42.66       Insoluble  matter 6.05 

Magnesium  oxide 8.30 

*  Sulphuric  acid  includes  all  forms  of  sulphur  present. 

(<?.)  TRADE  VALUES  FOR  1889  OF  FERTILIZING  INGREDIENTS 
IN  RAW  MATERIALS  AND  CHEMICALS.  ADOPTED  BY  EXPER- 
IMENT STATIONS  OF  MASS.,  NEW  JERSEY,  PENN.  AND  CONN. 

Cts.~ 
per  Ib. 
Nitrogen  in  ammonia  salts 19 

nitrates 17 

Organic  nitrogen  in  dry  and  fine  ground  fish,  meat  and 

blood 19 

"  "  cotton  seed  meal  and  castor-pomace.  15 

*'  "  fine  bone  and  tankage .16^ 

fine  medium  bone  and  tankage 13 

• '  medium  bone  and  tankage io^£ 

"  ' '  coarser  bone  and  tankage S)4 

"  "  in  hair,  horn  shavings  and  coarse  fish. 

scrap 8 

Phosphoric  acid,  soluble  in  water 8 

11  "  ammonium  citrate.  ...    7^ 

11  '•  dry  ground  fish,  fine  bone  and 

tankage 7 

"  "  fine-medium  bone  and  tankage    6 

'«  "  medium  bone  and  tankage  ...    5 

••  "  coarser  bone  and  tankage  ....   4 

14  ••  fine  ground  rock  phosphate  .  .   2 


1 88  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Analyses,  continued. 

Potash  as  high-grade  Sulphate  and  in  forms  free   from 

Muriate  (or  Chlorides) 6 

kainit ^ 

muriate : ,",_, , 


CHAPTER   XXI. 


NAMES  AND  HISTORIES. 

i.     Vegetables  which    have    different    Names   in    England    and 
America. 

In  America.  In  England. 

Artichoke  {Heliantkus  tuberosus) .  .Jerusalem  artichoke, 
Bean      Kidney  bean,  or  French 

bean. 

Beet Beet-root. 

Lima  bean Lima  kidney  bean. 

Musk  melon Melon. 

Parsnip Parsnep,    in    many   old 

books. 

Pepper Capsicum. 

Pumpkin Vegetable      marrow. 

Gourd. 
Ruta-baga „ Turnip-rooted  cabbage. 

Swedish  turnip. 

Salsify Salsafy. 

Squash Pumpkin.     Gourd. 

"       Scallop Custard  marrow. 

u       Winter  Crookneck Muskmelon,  rarely. 

Swiss  chard Leaf  beet. 

Turnip Turnep    i  n    many   o  1  d 

books. 

(189) 


190  The  Horticulturist  s  Rule- Book. 

3.     Names  of  Fruits  and  Vege 

English.  French.  German. 

Almond Amandier Mandel  . 

Apple Pommier Apfel 

Apricot Abricotier Aprikose 

Artichoke Artichaut Artischoke 

Asparagus     ....  Asperse     Spargel 

Banana Bar  v  .e^ Pisang 


Bean,  Broad.   .   .    .  Feve  de  Marais f  Grosse  Bohne  and  Gar- 1 

I     ten  Bohne •> 

Bean,  Kidney  .   .   .  Haricot Tiircksche  Bohne 

Beet     Betterave Rothe  Rube 

Berberry Epine  vinette Berberitzenstrauch    .... 

Blackcurrant.   .   .  Cassis  and  Groseille  noir  .  Schwartze  Johannisbeere  . 

Borecole Chou  vert,  or  Non  pomme    Griiner  Kohl 

Broccoli Broccoli  and  Chau  brocolis  .  Italienischer  Kohl 

Brussels  Sprouts     .  Choude  Bruxellesor  a  jets  Sprossen  Kohl 

Cabbage Chou  pomme  or  Cabus    .   .  Kopfkohl 

Cardoon Cardon Kardon 

Carrot Carotte Mohre  or  Gelbe  Rube  .   .   . 

Cauliflower  ....  Chou-fleur        Blumen  Kohl 

Celery        Celeri Sellerie 

Cherry Cerisier Kirsche 

Chicory  or  Succory  ChicoreeSauvage Gemeine  Cichorie 

Cress,  Garden     .   .  Cresson Gemeine  Garten  Kresse  .   . 

"      Water   .   .   .  Cresson  de  Fontaine    .   .   .  Briinnen  Kresse 


"      Winter  .   .   .  Cresson  de  Terre Winter  Kresse 

Cucumber     ....  Concombre Gurke 

Egg-plant Melongene,  Aubergine    .   .  Tollapfel  and  Eierpflanze  . 

Endive   .       ...  jChicoree  des  Jardins,  En- j  Endiyie 

tdive ) 

Fig .  Figuier Feige 

Filbert Noisette •  .   .  Nussbaum 

Garlic Ail Knoblauch 

Gooseberry   ....  Groseiller  a  Maquereau     .  Stachelbeere 

Grape Vigne Traube  and  Weintrr.uben  . 

Horse-radish    .   .    .  Cranson  or  le  Grand  Raifort  Meerrettig 

Kohl-rabiorTur-|chou_rave Kohl  Rabi 

nip-cabbage  .   .  > 

Leek  Poireau  -f  Gemeiner  Lauch  or  Porro ) 

'•I     Zwiebe  ....'..../ 

Lemon Limonier Limonie ... 

Lettuce Laitue Gartensalat  and  Lattich     . 

Melon,  Musk    .   .   .  Melon Melone 


Names  and  Histories.  191 

Cables  in  Various  Languages. 

Dutch.  Italian.  Spanish. 

Amandelboom Mandorlo Almendro. 

Appelboom Melo  or  Porno  ......  Manzana. 

Abrikozenboom Albicocco Albaricoqr.e. 

Artisjok CacJofo Cinauco. 

Aspergie Asparago  or  Sparagio  .   .  Esparrago. 

Bananenboom. 

Boon Fava Haba. 

Turksche  Boon Faginolo Judias  and  Fasoles. 

Beetwortel  or  Karoot   .   .  Barba  bietola Betarraga. 

Barbarisse Berbero Berberis. 

Aalbessenboom Ribes  nero Grosella  negro. 

Grone  Kool "  .  Gavolo  aperto Col. 

Srotsche  Kool Broccoli     Broculi. 

Spruit  Kool. 

Kool Cavolo Berza. 

Spaansche  Artisjok  .   .    .  Cardon Cardo. 

Gerle  Wortel Carota Chirivia. 

Bloem  Kool Cavoli  fiori Berza  florida. 

Selderij Appio Appio  hortense. 

Keresenboom Ciriegia Cerezo. 

Suikerei Cicoria Achicoria. 

Tu inkers Cresciio Mastuerzo. 

Waterkers Crescione  di  Sorgenti  .   .  Berro. 

Winterkers Erba  di  Santa  Barbarea  |Hierba  de  Santa  Barb- 

bara. 

Komkommer Citriuolo    .......   .  Pepino  or  Cohombro. 

Dolappel Melanza Berengena. 

Andijvie Indivia Endivia. 

Vijgenboom Fico Higuera. 

Hazelnotenboom    ....  Avellano Avellano. 

Knoflook Aglio Ajo. 

Kruisbessenboom  ....  Uva-spina Uva-crespas. 

Druif  .   . Vigna Vina. 

Rammenas Ramolaccio Rabano  picante. 


Look  or  Prei Porro Puerro. 

Limoenboom Limoen Linjon. 

Latouvv Lattuga Lechuga. 

Meloen Mellone  and  Popone     .   .  Melon. 


192 


The  Horticulturist"  s  Rule-  Book. 


Names  of  Fruits  and  Vegetables  in 
English.  French.  German. 

Mint,  common     .   .  Menthe  des  jardins  ....  Munze    .......... 

Mulberry   .....  Murier    ..........  Maulbeere    ........ 

Mushroom    ....  Champignon  comestible     .  Essbare  Blatterschwamme 

•Mustard    .....  Moutarde  .........  Senf     .    ,    ......... 

Nectarine  .....  Peche  lisse    ........  Nectarpfirsch  ....... 

Olive   .......  Olivier    ..........  Oelbaum  and  Olive  .... 

Onion  .......  Oignon   ..........  Zwiebel  .......... 

Orange  ......  Granger     .........  Pomeranze    ........ 

Orach  .......  Arroche  ,    .........  Meldekraut  ........ 

Parsley   ......  Persil  ...........  Petersilie  ......... 

Parsnip   ......  Panais     ..........  Pastinake  ........   . 

Pea  ........  Pois     ...........  Erbse  ........... 

Peach  .......  P£cher    ..........  Pfirsiche    .   .       ..... 

Pear     .......  Poirier    ..........  Birne  .......... 

Pepper    ......  Piment    ..........  Spanischer  Pfeffer  ..... 

Pine-apple     ....  Ananas  ..........  Ananas   .......   ... 

Plum    .......  Prunier  ..........  Pflaume     ......... 

Pomegranate  .    .   .  Grenadier  .........  Granatenbaum    ...... 

Potato     ......  Pomme  de  Terre    .....  Kartoffel    ........   . 

Pumpkin  or  Gourd  Courge    ..........  Ku'rbis    .......... 

Quince    ......  Coignassier  .....    .    .   .  Quitte    .......... 

Radish    ......  Radis  and  Rave  ......  Rettig  and  Radies     .... 

Rape    ......     Navette  ..........  Repskohl   ........ 

Red  Currant    .   .   .  Groseiller  commun    ....  Gemeine  Johannisbeere  .    . 

Rhubarb    .....  Rhubarbe  .........  Rhabarber    ........ 

Sage    .......  Sauge  ...........  Salbey     ......       ... 

Salsify     ......  Salsifis    ..........  Haferwurzel  and  Bocksbart 

Savoy  ......  {Chou  de  Milan  or  PO™^  I  Wirsing  or  Herzkohl  . 

I     fraise   ..........  ) 

Sea-kale    .....  Chou  marin  and  Crambe    .  Meerkohl  ......... 

Spinach  ......  Epinard     .........  Spinat     .......... 

Strawberry  ....  Fraisier  ..........  Erdbeer    ......... 

Sweet  Chestnut  .   .  Chataignier  and  Marronier  Castanien     .  .    ...... 

Thyme    ......  Thym  ...   ........  Thimian     ......... 

Tomato  ......  Tomate  ..........  Liebesapfel 

Turnip    ......  Navet  ...........  Rube   ........... 

Walnut  ......  Noyer     ..........  Wallnuss  ......... 

White  Currant    .   .  Groseiller  commun    .   .   .   .  Gemeine  Johannisbeere    . 

Watermelon     .   .      Me'on  d'Eau    .......  Wassermelone  ..... 


Names  and  Histories.  193 

Various  Languages,  continued. 

Dutch.  Italian.  Spanish. 

Munt ErbaSta.  Maria     .   .   .   .  Menta. 

Moerbezieboom Moro Moral. 

Kampernoelio Pratajuolo  bianco  ....  Seta. 

Mosterd     Senapa Mostaza. 

Kale  Perzik Brugnuolo Especie  de  Durazno. 

Olijfboom Ulivo Olivo. 

Uijen Cipolla Cebolla. 

Orarijeboom     Arancio Naranja. 

Melde Atreplice Armuelle. 

Pieterselie Petroseline Perejil. 

Pinksternakel Pastinaca Chirivia  and  Pastinaca. 

Ervvt Pisello Guisante. 

Perzikboom Persico Alberchigo 

Perenboom Pero Pera 

Spaansche  Peper    .   .    .     Peberone Pimiento. 

Ananas Ananas  .........  Pina 

Pruinboom Prungo Ciruelo. 

Granaatboom Melagrano Granada. 

Aardappel     .                 .  {  Tartufi  bianchi  or  Pomo   1  Batatas  Inglezas. 
I     di  Terra > 

Kauworde Zucca      Calabaza. 

Kweeboom Cotogno      Membrillo. 

Radijs     Rafano Rabano. 

Rapskool Nape  salvatico Naba  silvestre. 

Aalbessenboom Ribes  rosso Grosella. 

Rabarber Rabarbaro Ruibarbo. 

Salie Salvia Salvia. 

Boksbaard    .......  Sassifica Barba  Cabruna 

Savojie  Kool Cappuccio Berza  de  Saboya. 

Zeekool Crambe  marina Col  marina. 

Spinazie Spinace Espinaca. 

Aardbezienplant    ....  Piantadifragola Fresa. 

Kastanjeboom Castagno Castano. 

GemeeneThyne  .    .       .    .  Timo Tomillo. 

JAppeltjes    der    liefde  j  pomo  d>  Qro  .  Tomate 

i-     and  Tomaat     .   .   .  > 

Raap Navone Nabo. 

Walnotenboom Noce Noguera. 

Aalbessenboom Ribes  rosso Grosella. 

...  Sandia. 


194  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Bo  ok 

3.      Derivation     of    the    Names    of    Various     Fruits    and 
Vegetables. 

a.   Fruits. 

Apple. — Anglo-Saxon,  ceppeL 
Apricot. — Indirectly  from  Latin  prcecox,  early. 
Blackberry. — From  the  color  of  the  fruit 
Cherry. — Anglo-Saxon,  cirse. 
Cranberry. — Crane-berry,  from  the  slender  pedicel  of  the 

European  species. 
Currant. — Corruption  of    Corinth,  Greece,  whence  came 

the   "dried   currants'"   (grapes),   which    were    once   called 

Corinths. 
Gooseberry. — Gorse-berry,  because  the  fruit  is  often  rough 

like  the  gorse,  a  European  plant. 

Grape. — French,  grappe  ;  allied  to  the  word  grapple. 
Lemon. — French,  limon. 
Mulberry. — German,  mulber,  indirectly  from    Latin  mor- 

«o,  a  mulberry  tree. 
Nectarine. — Nectar-like. 
Orange. — Latin,  aurum,  gold. 
Peach. — Corruption  of  Persia,  whence  the  fruit  was  early 

obtained. 

Pear. — Pirum,  the  Latin  name. 
Plum. — Anglo-Saxon,  pluma ;  indirectly  from  Latin  prun- 

um,  a  plum. 
Quince. — Corruption   of    Cydonia,  the    Latin  name,   from 

Cydon. 
Raspberry. — From  rasp,  referring  to  the  character  of  the 

plant. 
Strawberry. — In  early  times  the  berries  were  strung   on. 

straws  when  sold. 

b.    Vegetables.  * 

Artichoke. — Italian,  articiocco  ;  indirectly  from  Arabic. 
Asparagus. — The  Latin  name. 


Names  and  Histories.  195 

Derivation  of  the  Names  of  Fruits  and  Vegetables,  continued. 

Bean. — The  Anglo-Saxon  name. 

Beet. — Latin,  beta,  the  beet  plant. 

Cabbage. — French,  cabus,  from  the  Latin  caput,  a  head. 

Carrot. — French,  carotte,  from  Latin  carota,  the  carrot. 

Brussels  Sprouts. — From  Brussels,  Belgium. 

Cauliflower. — Latin,  caulis,  stem,  and  flower. 

Celery. — Latin,  selinon,  parsley. 

Chervil. — Anglo-Saxon,  cerfille,  indirectly  from  a  Greek 
combination  signifying  "pleasant  leaf." 

Chives  or  Gives. — Latin,  cepa,  onion. 

Corn. — Anglo-Saxon,  corn. 

Cress. — Old  German,  kresan,  to  creep. 

Cucumber. — Latin,  ciicumis. 

Egg-plant. — From  the  egg-shaped  fruit  of  some  varieties. 

Endive. — French,  endive,  indirectly  from  the  Latin  in- 
tubus,  the  endive  or  chicory. 

Garlic. — Anglo- Saxon,  gar  and  leak,  spear-leaf,  referring 
to  thn  shape  and  position  of  the  leaves. 

Gumbo. — Portuguese,  quingombo,  from  quillobo,  an  Afri- 
can name. 

Horse-radish. — Refers,  evidently,  to  the  strong  and  pun- 
gent character  of  the  roots  by  reference  to  the  strength  of 
the  horse. 

Kohl-rabi. — Corruption  of  the  Latin  caulo-rapa.  stem- 
turnip. 

Leek. — Anglo-Saxon,  leac  or  leak. 

Lettuce. — Latin,  lactuca,  the  lettuce  :  from  lac,  milk,  re- 
ferring to  the  milky  juice  of  the  plant. 

Mf>lon. — Latin,  melo,  a  certain  small  melor. 

Mushroom. — French,  mousseron,  alluding  to  mousse,  or 
moss,  in  which  some  mushrooms  grow. 

Mustard. — French,  mou&tarde,  from  Latin  mustum,  the 
must,  with  v.hich  mustard  was  mixed. 


196  The  Horticulturist  s  Rule-  Book. 

Derivation  of  the  Names  of  Fruits  and  Vegetables,  continued. 

Onion. — French,  oignon ;  indirectly  from  Latin  units,  one, 
tints,  oneness,  in  allusion  to  a  plant  of  which  the  bulb  was 
formed  of  one  piece. 

Parsley. — From  a  Greek  combination  meaning  "rock- 
parsley,"  a  parsley-like  plant. 

Parsnip. — Latin,  pastinaca. 

Pea. — French,  pots,  evidently  from  Latin  pisiun,  the  pea. 

Pepper. — Latin,  piper,  the  true  pepper  or  black  pepper, 
with  which  the  present  plant  is  compared  in  pungency. 

Potato. — Spanish  and  Portuguese,  batata,  probably  an 
aboriginal  American  name.  First  applied  to  the  sweet 
potato. 

Pumpkin. — French,  pompion,  from  Latin  fiepo,  a  pump- 
kin-like fruit. 

Radish. — Latin,  radix,  root. 

Rhubarb. — French,  rhubarbe ;  probably  indirectly  from 
Latin  barbartis,  foreign. 

Sage. — Latin,  salvus,  saved,  evidently  in  allusion  to 
medicinal  properties  of  the  plant. 

Salsify. — French,  salsifis. 

Spinach  or  Spinage. — Latin,  spinacia,  spinach,  from  spma. 
a  thorn,  in  reference  to  the  prickly  character  of  the  plant. 

Squash. — American  Indian,  asquas/i,  a  raw  or  green  fruit. 

Tomato. —  Tomate,  of  South  American  origin. 

Turnip. — Probably  Welsh  turn,  roand,  and  maip,  turnip. 

4.     Periods  of  Cultivation  and  Native  Countries  of  Cultivated 
Plants. 

(Adapted  from  researches  of  De  Candolle,  and  Gray  and  Trumbull.) 

Almond.  Over  4,000  years  ;  Mediterranean  basin,  west- 
ern temperate  Asia. 

Apple.  Over  4,000  years  ;  Europe,  Anatolia*  south  of  the 
Caucasus. 


Names  and  Histories.  197 

Periods  oi  Cultivation  and  Native  Countries  of  Plants,  continued. 

Apricot.     Over  4,000  years  ;  China. 

Artichoke.     Less    than    2,000    years ;     Europe,    Africa, 
Canaries  and  Madeira. 

Asparagus.     Over  2,000  years  ;   Europe,  western  temper- 
ate Asia. 

Banana.     Over  4,000  years  ;  Southern  Asia. 

Barley,  common.     (?);  Western  temperate  Africa. 

Bean,  Kidney.     Over  4,000  years  ;  unknown  wild.     Prob- 
ably N.  American. 

Bean,  Broad.    Over  4,000  years;  South  of  the  Caspian  (?). 

Buckwheat.     Less  than  2,000  years;  Mandschuria,  Cen- 
tral Siberia. 

Buckwheat,  Tartarian.     Less  than  2,000  years;  Tartary 
Siberia  to  Dahuria. 

Cabbage.     Over  4  ooo  years  ;  Europe. 

Carrot.     Over  2,000  years;    Europe,  western  temperate 
Asia  (?). 

Celery.     Over  2,000  years  ;  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa. 

Chestnut.     (?)  ;  from    Portugal  to  Caspian  Sea,  eastern 
Algeria. 

Chives.     Less  than  2,000  years  ;  temperate  and  northern 
Europe. 

Citron.     Over  2,000  years  ;  India. 

Corn  Salad.     Less  than  2,000  years  ;  Sardinia,  Sicily. 

Cotton,  Herbaceous.     Over  2,000  years  ;  India. 

Cress.     Over  2,000  years  ;  Persia  (?). 

Cucumber.     Over  4,000  years  ;  India. 

Currant,  black.     Less  than  2,000  years  ;  Europe,  western 
Himalayas. 

Currant,  red.     Less  than  2,000  years  ;  Europe,  to  Hima 
layas  ;  north  of  U.  S. 

Date-palm.     Over  4,000  years  ;  Western  Asia  and  Africa. 

Egg-plant.     Over  4,000  years  ;  India. 


198  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Periods  of  Cultivation  and  Native  Countries  of  Plants,  continued. 

Endive.     Less  than  2,000  years  ;   Mediterranean  basin. 

Fig.     Over  4,000  years;   South  of  Mediterranean  basin. 

Garlic.     Over  2,000  years  ;  desert  of  the  Kirghis. 

Gooseberry.  Less  than  2,000  years  ;  temperate  Europe, 
western  Himalayas. 

Hop.      Less  than  2,000  years  ;   Europe,  Asia,  U.  S. 

Horseradish.  Less  than  2,000  years  ;  Eastern  temperate 
Europe. 

Jerusalem  Artichoke.     Probably  ancient ;  U.  S. 

Leek.     Over  2,000  years  ;   Mediterranean  basin. 

Lettuce.     Over  2,000  years  ;  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa. 

Maize.     Very  ancient ;  New  Granada  (?) 

Melon.   Less  than  2,000  years ;  India,  Beluchistan,  Guinea 

Mushroom.    Less  than  2,000  years  ;  Northern  hemisphere. 

Oats.     Over  2,000  years  ;  temperate  Europe. 

Okra.     Less  than  2,000  years  ;  tropical  Africa. 

Onion.  Over  4,000  years  ;  Persia,  Afghanistan,  Beluchis- 
tan, Palestine  (?). 

Onion,  Welsh.     Less  than  2,000  years  ;  Siberia. 

Orash.  Less  than  2,000  years  ;  Northern  Europe  and 
Siberia. 

Parsley.  Lesss  than  2,000  years  ;  Europe,  Algeria  and 
Lebanon. 

Parsnip.  Less  than  2,000  years  ;  Central  and  Southern 
Europe. 

Pea.     Over  2,000  years  ;  Caucasus  to  Persia  (?),  India  (?). 

Peach.     Over  4,000  years  ,  China. 

Pear.     Over  4,000  years  ;  temperate  Europe  and  Asia. 

Pepper.     Over  500  years  ;  Brazil  (?). 

Pine-apple.     Over  500  years  ;   Mexico,  Central  America. 

Plum,     Over  2,000  years  ;  Anatolia.'  North  of  Persia. 

Potato.     Over  500  years  ;  Chili,  Peru. 


Names  and  Histories.  199 

Periods  of  Caltivation  and  Native  Countries  of  Plants,  continued. 

Pumpkin  and  Squash.  Over  500  years ;  temperate  N. 
America. 

Quince.  Over  4,000  years  ;  North  of  Persia,  south  of  the 
Caucasus,  Anatolia. 

Radish.     Over  2,000  years  ;  temperate  Asia. 

Rampion.  Less  than  2,000  years  ;  temperate  and  south- 
ern Europe. 

Rape.     Over  4,000  years  ;  Europe,  Western  Siberia  (?). 

Rice.     Over  4,000  years  ;   India,  southern  China  (?). 

Rye.  Over  2,000  years  ;  Eastern  temperate  Europe  (?), 
South-east  of  Europe,  Algeria. 

Salsify.  Less  than  2,000  years  (?);  south-east  of  Eu- 
rope, Algeria. 

Sea  Kale.  Less  than  2,000  years;  Western  temperate 
Europe. 

Scorzonera.  Less  than  2,000  years ;  South-west  of  Europe. 

Shaddock.     Over  2,000  years  ;  Pacific  Islands. 

Shallot.     Less  than  2,000  years  ;  unknown  wild. 

Spinach.     Less  than  2,000  years  ;  Persia  (?). 

Sorghum.     Over  4,000  years  ;  tropical  Africa  (?). 

Strawberry,  Chili.     Less  than  300  years  ;  Chili. 

Strawberry,  Virginia.  Less  than  300  years  ;  temperate 
N.  America 

Sunflower.     Very  ancient ;  U.  S. 

Sweet  Potato.     Very  ancient ;  tropical  America. 

Tomato.     Over  500  years  ;  Peru. 

Turnip.     Over  4,000  years  ;  Europe,  western  Siberia  (?). 

Watermelon.     Over  4,000  years  ;  tropical  Africa. 

Wheat.     Over  4,000  years  ;  region  of  the  Euphrates. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 


STATISTICS. 

i.  Horticultural   Statistics. 

i.   EXPORT  OF  FRUITS  FOR  1886. 

Article.                                            }  Quantity.  Value, 

Apples,   dried 10,473, 183  Ibs.  $548,434 

Apples,  green  or  ripe 744,539  bbl.  1,810,606 

Preserved — canned 580,422 

other 28, 339 

all  other  .  .  ^ 340, 507 

2.   EXPORTS  OF  FRUITS  FOR  1887. 

Articles                                              Quantities.  Value. 

Apples,  dried 8,130,896  Ibs.  $413,363 

Apples,  green  or  ripe 591,868  bbl.  1,382,872 

Fruits  preserved,  canned 506,794 

Other  preserved '. 29, 489 

All  other,  green,  ripe  or  dry 337,447 

3.  EXPORTS  OF  FRUITS  AND  NUTS  FOR  1888. 

Articles.                                              Quantity.  Value. 

Apples,  dried 11,803, l61  Ibs.  $812,682 

Apples,  green 489,570  bbl.  1,878,801 

Preserved,  canned 834,668 

Other  preserved  .  .  .* 58,630 

All  other,  green,  ripe  or  dried '.  397,643 

Nuts 27,784 

(200) 


Statistics. 


201 


Horticultural  Statistics,  continued. 

4.  EXPORTS  OF  VEGETABLES  FOR  1886. 

Articles.                                                 Quantities.  Value. 

Onions 68,811  bus.  $75,838 

Peas  and  beans 408,318     "  570, 153 

Potatoes 494,948       '  346,864 

Vegetables  canned 190  389 

All  other,  including  pickles 134,293 

5.  EXPORTS  OF  VEGETABLES  FOR  1887. 

Articles.                                              Quantities.  Value. 

Onions 71,689  bus.  ^73>5I5 

Peas  and  beans 387,222     "  562.864 

Potatoes ,.     434,864     "  318,259 

Vegetables  canned 228, 567 

All  other,  including  pickles 125,448 

6.  EXPORT  OF  VEGETABLES  FOR  1888. 

Articles.                                              Quantities.  Value. 

Onions 56,725  bus.  $64, 161 

Peas  and  beans 253,170       '  462,762 

Potatoes 403, 880     ' '  308, 193 

Vegetables  canned 265, 587 

All  other 140,634 

7.    IMPORTS   OF    FRUITS,    NUTS   AND    VEGETABLES    FOR   1887 
AND  1888. 

Articles.                                                      1887.  1888. 

Fruits   and  nuts $20,608,486          $20,502,223 

Beans  and  peas 607,853  2, 190, 137 

Potatoes 543  091  3,698,021 

Pickles  and  sauces 387, 177  416,958 

All  other  in  natural  state,  salt  or 

brine 516,319  7I5.°63 

Prepared  or  preserved 295,911  350,245 


202  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Horticultural  Statistics,  continued. 

8.   IMPORTS  OF  VEGETABLES  FOR  1886  AND  1887. 

Articles.                                                            1886.  1887. 

Beans  and  peas $585, 461  $607, 853 

Potatoes 649,  oog  543 , 09 1 

Pickles  and  sauces 323,362  387,177 

All  other,  in  their  natural  state 

or  in  salt  or  brine 528,830  516,319 

Prepared  or  preserved 465,517  295,911 

9.  TOTAL    AGRICULTURAL    EXPORTS    AND    IMPORTS    FOR    1887 

AND    1888. 

1887.  1888. 

Total  agricultural  exports $520,820,758  $498,966,029 

Total  exports  of  domestic  manu- 
facture   703,022,923  683,862, 104 

Per  cent,  of  agricultural  matter .                       74  73 

Total  imports  of  agricultural 

products 287, 542  266  318, 502,085 

10.  VALUE  OF   ORCHARD  AND  MARKET  GARDEN  PRODUCTS  IN 

THE  VARIOUS  STATES  IN  1879.     (Tenth  Census.) 

All  orchard  prod-  Market  gar- 

ucts  consumed  den  products 

State.                                       or  sold.  sold. 

Alabama $362, 263  $135, 127 

Arizona 5, 530  17, 272 

Arkansas 867,426  62,007 

California .*.          2,017,314  796,663 

Colorado. 3,246  136,617 

Connecticut 456,246  385,014 

Dakota 156  40,473 

Delaware 846,692  166,575 

District  of  Columbia 12,074  202, 191 

Florida 758,295  154,002 

Georgia 782,972  158,490 

Idaho 23, 147  36,025 

Illinois : 3.502,583  959,962 

Indiana 2,757,359  578,4*3 

Iowa 1,494,365  401,928 

Kansas 358,86o  279,448 


Statistics. 


Horticultural  Statistics,  continued. 


203 


All  orchard  prod-      Market  gar- 
nets consumed          den  products 

or  sold.  sold. 

Kentucky 1,377,670  592,411 

Louisiana 188,604  132,525 

Maine 1,112,026  144,892 

Maryland 1,563, 188  873,968 

Massachusetts 1,005,303  1,696,890 

Michigan 2,760,677  636,908 

Minnesota 121,648  166,030 

Mississippi 378, 145  48,650 

Missouri 1,812,873  763,439 

Montana I»53°  41,020 

Nebraska 72,244  J52,545 

Nevada 3,619  75.847 

New  Hampshire .....             972,291  115,967 

New  Jersey 860,090  1,841,863 

New  Mexico 26,706  42,679 

New  York 8,409,794  4,211,642 

North  Carolina 9°3.5I3  I35,435 

Ohio 3,576,242  1,486,787 

Oregon 583,663  168,935 

Pennsylvania 4,862,826  1,752,934 

Rhode  Island 58,751  261,938 

South  Carolina 78,934  84,363 

Tennessee 919,844  228,269 

Texas     876,844  277,023 

Utah 148,493  37,851 

Vermont 640,942  38,966 

Virginia 1,609,663  837,609 

Washington 127,668  27.918 

West  Virginia 934,400  162,898 

Wisconsin >'            639,435  206,691 

Wyoming 6,150 

ii.  TOTAL    EXPORTS  OF  APPLES    FROM    THE  UNITED   STATES 
AND  CANADA  IN  VARIOUS  YEARS 

Barrels.  Barrels. 

1888-89 1,401,382         1883-84 81,532 

1887-88     608, 588       1882-83 395, 594 

1886-87 811,410       1881-82 239,252 

1885-86 893,375       1880-81 '.    1,328,806 

1884-85  787,785 


204 


The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 


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Statistics. 


Horticultural  Statistics,  continued. 

13.  IMPORTATION  OF  APPLES  INTO  ENGLAND. 
The  commercial  importation  of  apples  to  England  began 
about  20  years  ago.  The  following  table  shows  the  total  im- 
portations into  England  and  also  those  from  the  United 
States.  England  d~:..,o  ner  foreign  apple  supply  from  the 
United  States,  Canada,  Belgium,  Holland  and  France. 


TOTAL  IMPORTATIONS. 

IMPORTATIONS  FROM 
UNITED  STATES. 

Bushels. 

Value  in 
pounds. 

Bushels. 

Value  in 
pounds. 

1883  

3:884     

2,251,925 
2,679,800 
2.387,685 
3.261,460 
1,944,460 

£553>488 
786,415 
717.031 
857.095 
563,919 

273,825 
976,269 
1,349,798 
1,647,052 
997,413 

£126,219 
349,  168 
440,925 
478.895 
295,108 
, 

1885  

1886     

1887            .    . 

14.  IMPORTATIONS  OF  BANANAS. 

1884 $1,878,279 

1885   2.156.873 

1886 2.356,843 

1887 ;e.. 2,682,143  —  5,914,472  bunches 

1888   3,153,645.  =  8,049,074 

The  first  bananas  introduced  into  this  country  were  brought 
from  Cuba  to  New  York  in  1804.  The  first  full  cargo  (1,500 
bunches)  arrived  in  1830. 

15.    GOVERNMENT  AIDS  TO  HORTICULTURE 

CALIFORNIA. — Viticulture $15,000  oo 

Horticulture 10,000  oo 

Forestry    2, 500  oo 

Experimental  and  analytical  work.  .  .     5.000  oo 


Total $32, 5°°  0° 


206  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule-Book. 

Horticultural  Statistics,  continued. 
COLORADO. — Reports  published. 
DAKOTA. — Appropriations  to  college. 

ILLINOIS $2, ooo  oo 

INDIANA 500  oo 

IOWA. — 5,000  reports  published  and i,coo  oo 

KANSAS. — 8,000  reports  published. 

MAINE 500  oo 

MICHIGAN. — 8,400  copies    annual    report  published 

and i ,  ooo  oo 

MINNESOTA. — Horticulture 1,750  oo 

Horticultural  Experimental  Station..  1,000  oo 
Publishes  3,500  copies  of  500- page  report. 

MISSOURI. — Reports  printed  and 1,250  oo 

NEBRASKA. — Reports  published  and 1,000  oo 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 100  oo 

NORTH  CAROLINA 500  oo 

OHIO. — Reports  published  and 1,000  oo 

PENNSYLVANIA. — Reports  published. 

WISCONSIN. — Reports  published  and 1,000  oo 

CANADA — NOVA  SCOTIA. — Reports  printed  and  ....  300  oo 

QUEBEC 2,  ooo  oo 

ONTARIO 1,000  oo 

16.  TARIFFS  ON  CERTAIN  PRODUCTS. 

Oranges  and  Lemons J6.54  per  cent. 

Dates   30.  oo         " 

Vegetables 27.23         " 

Peanuts 63.  oo         " 

Hops 49.50 

Oats 26.  oo         " 

Honey 55.55 

Cheese 29. 57 

Butter 25.18 

Wool 37.16 


Statistics. 


207 


Horticultural  Statistics,  continued. 

17.    MISCELLANEOUS. 

In  1888,  between  200  and  300  tons  of  dried  pyrethrum  flow- 
ers— for  Persian  insect  powder — were  imported  into  this  coun- 
try. California  produced  about  50  tons. 

The  Florida  orange  crop  was  estimated  at  2,000,000  boxes  in 
1888.  In  1889  it  is  estimated  that  1,600,000  boxes. 

The  estimated  yield  of  cranberries  in  1888  was  585,000  bush- 
els, of  which  New  England  produced  260,000,  New  Jersey,  225,- 
ooo  and  the  West  100,000.  The  estimates  for  1889  place  the 
New  England  crop  at  22^  per  cent,  short,  the  Western  crop 
37/^  per  cent,  short,  and  the  New  Jersey  crop  40  per  cent,  short. 

About  20,000,000  cocoanuts  come  into  the  New  York  market 
every  year.  They  come  mostly  from  Central  America. 

The  "dried  currants"  of  commerce  are  seedless  grapes. 
They  come  from  Greece.  The  following  figures  give  an  idea 
of  the  extent  of  this  industry  : 

In  1871 81,800  tons  were  grown. 

In  1878 101,000     "        "         " 

In  1888 160,000     "        "          " 

NUMBER  AND  COST  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS. 
There  are  to-day  46,  or,  counting  branch  stations,  57  agricul- 
tural experiment  stations  in  the  United  States.  Every  state 
has  at  least  i  station,  several  have  2,  and  one  has  3.  These  46 
stations  now  employ  over  870  trained  men  in  the  prosecution  of 
experimental  inquiry.  The  appropriation  by  the  United  States 
Government  for  the  fiscal  year  just  ended,  1889,  for  them  and 
for  the  office  of  experiment  stations  in  the  department,  is  $505,- 
ooo  ;  for  the  coming  year  it  is  $600,000.  The  several  states 
appropriate  about  $125,000  in  addition,  making  the  sum  total 
of  ibout  $720,000  given  from  the  public  funds  the  present 
year  for  the  support  of  agricultural  experiment  stations  in  the 
United  States.  This  is  less  than  10  cents  for  each  of  7,500,000 
farm  workers  of  the  country,  less  than  2^  cents  for  each  of 
the  30,000,000  of  our  population  directly  dependent  upon  agri- 


208  The  Horticulturist  s  Rule -Book. 

Horticultural  Statistics,  continued. 

culture  for  their  support,  and  less  than  i^  cents  for  each  of 
the  60,000,000  of  our  people  who  consume  the  products  of  our 
farms.  The  farming  lands,  farm  implements  and  live  stock  of 
the  country  are  estimated  to  be  worth  $12,000,000,000.  The 
experiment  stations  cost  us,  therefore,  about  $6.25  a  year  for 
every  million  dollars  invested  in  agriculture.  Or,  reckoning 
the  annual  value  of  the  products  of  our  farms  at  $2, 200, 000,000, 
we  are  now  spending  about  33^  cents  for  every  $>i,ooo  worth  of 
products  in  an  attempt  to  increase  the  value  of  those  products 
in  future  years. 

2.     Statistics  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom. 

There  are  200  natural  families  or  orders  of  flowering  plants, 
about  7,600  genera,  and  about  100,000  species  are  known  and 
described.  The  flowerless  plants  are  much  more  numerous 
than  the  flowering  plants,  both  in  individuals  and  species. 
Ferns,  moss,  mushrooms  and  many  smaller  or  even  microscopic 
fungi,  lichens  and  sea-weeds  are  flowerless  plants. 

The  Ranunculaceae  or  Crowfoot  family  includes  over  1,200 
species  of  plants,  inhabiting  all  parts  of  the  world.  The 
clematis,  marsh-marigold  or  so-called  cowslip,  columbine, 
adonis,  buttercup  Christmas  rose,  love-in-the-mist,  larkspur, 
aconite  and  paeony  are  members  of  the  Crowfoot  family.  The 
family  comprises  30  genera. 

There  about  100  species  of  clematis  known. 

About  40  distinct  species  of  delphinium  or  larkspur  are  de- 
scribed, few  of  which  are  cultivated,  however. 

It  is  supposed  that  there  are  about  a  half-dozen  true  species 
of  paeonies  known,  although  many  supposed  species  have  been 
described. 

The  Magnolia  family  comprises  about  70  species  of  trees 
and  shrubs.  Of  these,  14  are  magnolias  proper,  of  which  6 
are  native  of  Japan,  China  or  the  Himalaya  region,  and  the 
remainder  are  North  American.  The  lulip-tree,  of  which  but 
a  single  species  is  known,  belongs  to  this  order. 

The  Nymphaeacese  or  Water  Lily  family  contains  8  genera 


Statistics. 


209 


Statistics  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom,  continued. 

and  about  35  species,  all  aquatic.     The  largest  genus  is  nym- 

phaea — by  some  called  castalia — comprising  some  20  species. 

The  Mustard  family,  Cruciferae,  comprises  probably  about 
2,000  species,  many  of  which  are  grown  fort  ood  and  ornament. 
The  cabbage,  cauliflower,  turnip,  kohl-rabi,  radish,  horse- 
radish, sea-kale,  cresses  and  mustards  are  the  leading  edible 
species,  while  the  stocks,  alyssum,  wall-flower,  honesty  or 
lunaria  are  among  the  ornamental  species.  There  are  over  175 
genera  in  the  order. 

The  Violet  family  comprises  about  250  species,  generally  dis- 
tributed over  the  world.  Of  these,  about  200  are  violets. 
The  order  includes  21  genera.  Some  of  the  species,  outside  of 
viola  proper,  are  shrubs  or  small  trees. 

The  Caryophyllaceae  or  Pink  family  has  about  1,000  species 
and  35  genera.  The  ornamental  genera  are  dianthus,  including 
the  pinks  and  carnation,  saponaria,  silene,  lychnis  and  a  few 
others  of  less  importance.  Dianthus,  literally  "Jove's  flower," 
numbers  some  200  species.  The  corn-cockle  and  catchflies 
belong  to  this  family. 

The  Mallow  family,  Malvaceae,  has  about  60  genera  and  700 
species.  The  best  known  genera  are  althaea,  the  hollyhock ; 
malva,  the  mallows  ;  hibiscus  ;  abutilon  ;  and  gossypium,  the 
cotton. 

The  Basswoods  or  Lindens  are  8  in  number,  growing  in 
n  .rthern  temperate  climates.  Two  are  natives  of  North 
America.  Tiliaceae,  the  basswood  family,  comprises  40  genera 
and  about  330  species. 

Some  50  species  of  maples  are  known,  inhabiting  Europe, 
Asia  and  America.  9  grow  naturally  in  North  America.  The 
Sapindaceae,  to  which  family  the  maple  belongs,  is  largely 
tropical.  It  comprises  over  70  genera,  and  600  or  700  species, 
^sculus,  the  horse-chestnuts,  belong  here,  and  are  about  14 
in  number. 

The  Leguminosae  or  Pulse  family,  is  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant orders  of  plants.  It  furnishes  many  foods,  fine  woods, 


2io  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Statistics  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom,  continued, 
dyes,  medicines,  and  ornamental  plants.  Many  of  the  species 
are  extremely  important  in  agriculture  because  of  the  great 
amount  of  nitrogen  which  they  contain.  Peas,  beans,  clover, 
locuscs,  acacias,  sensitive  plant,  belong  in  this  family.  It  com- 
prises about  400  genera  and  6,500  species. 

The  Rosaceae  or  Rose  family  may  be  called  the  fruit  family 
of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Apples,  pears,  quinces,  June- 
berries,  strawberries,  blackberries,  raspberries,  peaches,  plums, 
apricots,  almonds,  cherries,  all  belong  here.  Prunus,  which 
includes  the  stone  fruits,  has  about  80  species  in  various  parts 
of  the  world,  and  n  are  North  American.  Pyrus,  including 
apple,  pear,  quince  and  mountain  ash,  has  about  40  species,  of 
which  5  are  in  North  America.  Of  roses,  over  250  have  been 
described,  but  late  authorities  consider  that  there  are  only 
about  30  good  species.  Of  strawberries,  there  are  3  or  4  species, 
and  of  spiraea  about  50.  The  whole  family  has  about  1,000 
species  and  70  genera. 

Vitis,  the  grape  and  its  allies,  has  some  230  species.  There 
are  two  or  three  other  genera,  and  about  a  score  of  other  species 
in  the  family,  vitaceae  or  ampelideae,  to  which  it  belongs. 

The  Cucurbitaceae  includes  the  squashes,  pumpkins,  cucum- 
bers, melons,  and  gourds.  The  species  are  c.bout  500  in  num- 
ber, and  are  mostly  tropical  or  sub-tropical.  Some  25  species 
are  described  as  cucumis,  to  which  the  cucumber  and  musk- 
melon  belongs,  and  2  as  citrullus  or  watermelon.  The  pump- 
kins and  squashes  belong  to  cucurbita,  of  which  about  10 
species  are  known,  several  of  them  perennials.  The  family 
comprises  about  70  genera. 

About  350  species  of  Begonia  are  known. 

Of  Cacti,  there  are  about  1,000  species  and  13  genera,  all 
but  one  species  native  of  the  New  World. 

Umbelliferae,  comprising  over  150  genera  and  about  1,300 
species,  includes  the  parsnip,  parsley,  carrot,  celery,  caraway, 
anise,  dill  and  others.  In  Africa  some  of  the  species  a-ttain 
the  size  of  trees. 


Statistics :  211 

Statistics  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom,  continued. 

About  one-ninth  of  all  the  flowering  plants  are  comprised  in 
the  Compositae  or  Sunflower  family.  It  is  by  far  the  largest 
order,  containing  nearly  800  genera  and  about  10,000  species. 
Very  few  of  the  species  furnish  esculent  parts  ;  the  leading 
ones  are  lettuce,  endive,  chicory,  artichoke,  cardoon  and  sal- 
sify. But  the  family  comprises  great  numbers  of  ornamental 
plants,  of  which  the  leading  one  at  the  present  time  is  the 
chrysanthemum.  A  very  few  of  the  species  become  small  shrubs. 

The  Heach  family,  Ericaceae,  includes  the  heaths,  heather  of 
Europe,  wintergreen,  whortleberries  or  huckleberries,  cran- 
berries, azaleas,  rhododendrons  and  laurels.  Certain  white 
and  flesh-colored  parasitic  plants  also  belong  to  it,  as  the  Indian 
pipe  and  the  snow  plant  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  About  80 
genera  and  over  1,300  species  are  known. 

The  Primulas  belong  to  the  Primulaceae  or  Primrose  family, 
and  they  number  some  80  or  more  species,  many  of  which  are 
cultivated.  The  genus  primula  is  commonly  divided  by  flor- 
ists into  auriculas,  polyanthuses  and  primroses.  One  of  the 
primulas  is  the  true  cowslip.  Primulaceae  has  about  20  genera 
and  250  species. 

Oleaceae,  a  family  of  18  genera  and  nearly  300  species,  in- 
cludes the  jasmine,  forsythias,  lilacs,  ashes,  privet  and  olive. 
10  species  of  Fraxinus  or  ash,  are  native  to  North  America. 
There  are  about  120  species  of  jasminum  or  jasmine,  2  of 
forsythia.  6  of  syringa  or  lilac,  over  30  of  fraxinus,  about  25 
of  ligustrum  or  privet,  and  35  of  olea,  or  olive. 

The  Convolvulus  or  Morning-glory  family,  Convolvulaceae, 
has  some  800  species,  some  oi  which  are  trees,  and  32  genera. 
The  dodders,  peculiar  parasitic  plants,  of  which  several  are 
natives  of  the.  United  States,  belong  here,  as  does  also  the  sweet 
potato. 

There  are  about  30  species  of  Phlox  described,  nearly  all 
natives  of  North  America.  The  common  Phlox  Drummondii 
is  native  of  Texas. 

Solanaceae  is  a  large  and  important  order,  containing  many 


212  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

StPtistiCo  oi  the  Vegetablb  Kingdom,  continued, 
esculent  plants  and  many  poisons.  Here  belong  the  potato, 
tomato,  egg-plant,  red  pepper,  and  strawberry  or  husk  tomato  ; 
also  tobacco,  belladonna  and  nightshade.  There  are  66  genera 
and  from  1,200  to  1,500  species.  The  genus  solanum  alone, 
to  which  the  potato  and  egg-plant  belong,  contains  from  700  to 
900  species.  Lycopersicum,  the  tomat^  genus,  has  lesc  than  a 
half  dozen  speciss. 

There  aro  about  140  genera  and  2,600  species  in  the  Labiatae 
01  Mint  family.  The  order  comprises  a  few  tree-like  and  a  few 
climbing  plants.  The  species  are  aromatic,  ana  most  of  cur 
cultivated  sweet  herbs,  and  all  the  mints,  belong  to  the  family. 
It  comprises  many  ornamental  species,  among  the  most  promi- 
nent being  species  of  coleus,  ot  which  about  50  species  are 
described. 

The  Nettle  family  or  Urticaceae  comprises  many  dissimilar 
plants.  Here  belong  the  nettles,  mulberry,  fig,  bread-fruit, 
hack-berry  osage-orange,  elm,  hemp  and  hop.  The  family  has 
in  the  neighborhood  of  1,500  species,  and  the  accepted  genera 
are  108.  5  elms  and  2  mulberries  are  native  to  North  America, 
and  3  wild  figs  grow  in  Southern  Florida. 

Five  genera  and  about  30  species  belong  to  the  Juglandaceae 
or  Walnut  family.  All  the  hickories,  8  or  10,  are  natives  of 
Noith  America.  There  are  2  walnuts  and  i  butternut  in  the 
United  States. 

Cupuliierae,  the  Oak  family,  numbers  400  species  and  10 
genera.  It  gives  us  the  oaks,  about  300  in  the  world  and  44  in 
the  United  States ;  chestnuts,  beeches,  hazels  and  filberts, 
birches,  alder,  hornbeam  and  ironwood.  The  United  States 
has  2  chestnuts,  i  beech,  about  8  birches  and  6  alders. 

The  Pine  or  Spruce  family  is  known  as  the  Coniferas,  or 
cone-bearing  family.  It  includes  plants  of  very  dissimilar 
kinds.  Most  of  the  species  have  needle-like  and  evergreen 
leaves,  but  some  are  deciduous,  and  the  ginkgo  has  broad  and 
flat  leaves.  There  are  some  over  30  genera  and  about  300 
species  in  the  family.  Of  pines  there  arc  about  70,  and  35  of 
them  are  native  to  the  United  States. 


Statistics.  213 

Statistics  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom,  continued. 

Orchidaceae,  the  Orchid  family,  includes  som«  5,000  singular 
herbs,  distributed  through  334  genera.  Many  of  the  species 
are  epiphytes,  that  is,  growing  above  ground  on  other  plants. 
The  species  are  the  most  specialized,  perhaps,  of  any  order, 
and  they  are  usually  uncommon  or  rare.  A  number  of  showy 
species  grow  in  the  United  States,  the  best  known  of  which  are 
the  lady-slippers.  Our  species  usually  inhabit  bogs  or  deep 
woods. 

Over  2,000  species,  in  187  genera,  comprise  Liliaceae,  or  the 
Lily  family.  Some  of  the  species  are  tree-like.  Here  belong 
the  onion,  asparagus,  tulip,  aloes,  yuccas,  hellebore,  and  many 
choice  ornamental  plants.  Of  lilies,  there  are  about  45  species, 
tulips  in  the  neighborhood  of  50,  and  of  hyacinths  about  30. 

The  Palm  family,  Palmse,  includes  1,100  or  more  species 
and  132  genera.  Many  species  produce  edible  fruits,  the  best 
known  in  our  markets  being  the  date  and  cocoanut. 

The  Graminese  or  Grass  family  is  the  most  important  order 
of  plants.  Besides  all  the  grasses,  it  furnishes  all  the  cereal 
grains,  including  Indian  corn  and  the  sugar  cane.  Genera 
about  300  ;  species  over  3,000. 

There  are  about  74  genera  of  ferns  or  Filices,  and  in  the 
neighborhood  of  2,400  species.  Some  of  the  species  attain  to 
the  size  of  small  trees. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 


GLOSSARY. 

Acclimation.  The  spontaneous  or  natural  process  of  be- 
coming, or  the  state  or  condition  of  being,  inured  or  habit- 
uated to  climate  at  first  injurious. 

Acclimatization.  The  act  of  man  in  inuring  or  habituat- 
ing to  a  climate  at  first  injurious,  or  the  state  or  condition 
of  being  thus  inured  or  habituated  by  man. 

A.dventive.  Said  of  foreign  plants  wiiich  grow  spontane- 
ously, but  which  are  not  thoroughly  established. 

Agriculture.  The  art  and  science  of  cultivating  land  and 
raising  crops  and  stock.  The  term  is  often  restricted  to 
include  only  the  cultivation  of  grains  and  forage  plants 
and  the  rearing  of  domestic  animals,  with  the  operations 
arid  studies  incident  thereto. 

Alburnum.     Sap-wood. 

Ammonia.  A  pungent  gas,  composed  of  an  atom  of  ni- 
trogen to  three  of  hydrogen. 

Annual  (adj.).     Living  for  one  year  only. 

Arm.     In  grape  culture,  a  vine  branch  over  a  year  old. 

Assimilation.  In  botany,  the  production  of  organic  mat- 
ters from  inorganic  matters. 

Bacterium  (pi.  bacteria).  As  popularly  used,  the  term 
is  applied  to  an  extensive  class  of  microscopic  organisms, 
usually  classed  with  plants.  The  term  microbe  is  used  in 
the  same  sense. 

Basin.  In  descriptions  of  apples  and  related  fruits,  the 
depression  at  the  apex  of  the  fruit.  The  calyx  sits  in  the 
basin. 

(214) 


Glossary.  215 

Berry.  In  botany,  and  properly,  a  separate  fruit  which 
is  pulpy  and  juicy  throughout,  as  the  grape,  currant,  to- 
mato. The  word  is  commonly  employed  to  denote  any 
soft  fruit  or  fruit-like  part  which  is  borne  upon  a  woody 
or  perennial  plant.  The  raspberry  and  blackberry  are 
collections  of  little  fruits. 

Biennial  (adj.).  Persisting  two  years.  As  a  rule,  biennial 
plants  do  not  blossom  until  the  second  year. 

Bigeneric  half-breed.  The  product  of  a  cross  between 
varieties  of  species  belonging  to  different  genera. 

Bigeneric  hybrid.  A  hybrid  between  species  of  different 
genera ;  bigener. 

Blight.  The  dying  without  apparent  cause  of  the  tenderer 
parts  of  plants,  especially  of  the  leaves,  flowers  and  young 
fruit ;  as  pear  blight. 

Botany.     The  science  of  plants. 

Bottle-grafting.  A  modification  of  whip-grafting  by  which 
a  heel  of  the  scion  is  conducted  into  a  bottle  of  water  to. 
supply  temporary  nourishment. 

Bottom  heat.  Heat  applied  underneath  plants  by  artifi- 
cial means. 

Bract.  A  much  reduced  leaf.  Bracts  are  usually  present 
about  the  inflorescence. 

Break.  A  radical  departure  from  the  type.  Ordi- 
narily used  in  the  sense  of  sport,  but  in  its  larger  mean- 
ing it  refers  to  the  permanent  appearance  of  apparently 
new  or  very  pronounced  characters  in  a  species. 

Bud.  A  bud  which  is  inserted  in  a  plant  with  the  in- 
tention that  it  shall  grow. 

Budding.  The  operation  and  practice  of  inserting  a  bud 
in  a  plant  with  the  intention  that  it  shall  grow. 

Bulb.  A  large,  more  or  less  permanent  leaf-bud,  usually 
occupying  the  base  of  the  stem,  and  emitting  roots  from 
its  lower  portion.  Bulbs  are  of  two  leading  sorts;  scaly, 
when  composed  of  narrow  and  mostly  loose  scales,  as  in 


216  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Bulb,  continued. 

the  lily  ;  laminated   or    tunicated,  when  composed  of  more 

continuous  and  closer-fitting  layers,  as  in  the  onion. 
Bulbel.     A   small  bulb  borne  about  a  mother- bulb,  as  in 

some  bulbous  irises  and  some  onions  ;  bulbule. 
Bulblet.     A  small  bulb  borne  entirely  above  ground,  as 

in  the  axils  of  leaves,  in  the  inflorescence,  etc. 
Bulbo-tuber.     A  corm. 
Bulbule.     A  bulbel. 
Bush.     A  small  woody  plant  having  no  central  trunk  or 

stem  ;    shrub. 
Bush-fruit.      Small  fruits,    as    the    currant,    gooseberry, 

raspberry  and  the  like. 
Callus.     The   new    and    protruding   tissue    which    forms 

over  a  wound,  as  over  the  end  of  a  cutting. 
Calyx.     The  outer  envelope  of  the   flower.     The  parts, 

when   distinct,    are  called    sepals.     In  apples,    pears,    etc., 

part  of  the  calyx  persists  on  top  of  the  fruit. 
Cambium.     The   layer  of   new    tissue  which    lies  under- 
neath    the   bark.       It     is    usually   thin    and    more    or    less 

mucilaginous  in  spring  and  early  summer. 
Cane.     A  young  growth  of  hard-wooded  plants.      Usually 

applied    to   ripened  or  hardened  shoots  a  year  or  less   old. 
Cantaloupe.     A    class    of  musk-melons  characterized    by 

firm  and  warty  or  scabby  rinds. 

Capsule.     A  dry  seed-vessel  which  splits  open  at  maturity  ; 

pod. 
Carbon  dioxide.     A  gas  composed  of  one  atom  of  carbon 

to  two  of  oxygen.      It  is  heavier  than   air.  and  is  poisonous 

in  large  quantities ;  carbonic  acid  gas. 
Carbonic  acid.     Carbon  dioxide. 
Carpel.     A  simple  pistil,  or  one  of  the  divisions  of  a  com- 

ponind  pistil. 
Cavity.     In  descriptions  of  apples  and  similar  fruits,  the 

depression  about  the  stalk  or  stem. 


Glossary.  217 

Chlorophyl.     The  green  coloring  matter  of  plants. 

Cion.     See  Scion. 

Cleft-graft.     A  sort  of  grafting  in  which  the  scion  is  cut 

wedge-shaped  at  the  lower  extremity,  and  is  then  inserted 

in.  a  cleft  in  the  end  of  a  trunk  or  branch  which  has  been 

severed. 
Close  fertilization.     The  action  of  pollen  upon  the  pistil 

of  the  same  flower  ;  self-fertilization. 
Cold-frame.     A  frame  covered  with  glass,  cloth,  or  paper, 

without    bottom    heat,  used    for    starting    plants    early   in 

spring,  for  receiving  plants  transplanted  from  a  hot-bed  or 

forcing-house,   or  for  protecting    plants  during  the  winter. 
Conservatory.     A  glass  house  for  preserving  or  growing 

tender  plants.     Popularly,    the  term    is   applied  to    houses 

in  which  plants  are  grown  for  display  of  flowers. 
Corolla.     The  inner  envelope  of  the  flower.     The  parts, 

when  distinct,  are  called  petals. 
Corm.     A  solid  bulb-like  tuber,  as  in  the    gladiolus  and 

crocus  ;  bulbo-tuber. 
Corymb.     A    flower   cluster   which   is  flat  or  convex  on 

top  and  in  which  the  outer  flowers  bloom  first. 
Cotyledon.     A    small   leaf  borne  in  the  seed ;  seed-leaf. 

In  many  plants  the   cotyledons  rise  to  the    surface,    when 

the  seed  germinates,  and  increase  in  size. 
Cross.     The   offspring   of   any   two    flowers  which  have 

been  cross-fertilized. 
Cross-breed.    A  cross  between  varieties  of  the  same  species  ; 

half-breed,  mongrel,  variety-hybrid. 
Cross-fertilization.     The  action  of  pollen  upon  the  pistil 

of  another  flower  of  the  same  species.     Cross-fertilization 

is  commonly  used  to  denote  the  mere  conveyance  of  pollen 

— pollination— but  better  usage  confines  the  term  to  the  action 

of  pollen  upon  the  pistil. 
Cross-pollination.     The  conveyance  of  the  pollen  to  the 

stigma  of  another  flower. 


2i8  The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 

Crossing.     The  operation  or  practice  of  cross-pollinating. 
Crown-grafting.     Grafting  at  or  near  the  surface  of   the 

ground. 
Cryptogam.     One  of  the  class  of  flowerless  plants.    These 

plants  propagate  by  spores  instead  of  seeds.     Ferns,  fungi, 

mosses  and  sea-weeds  are  examples. 
Cutting.     A  portion  of  a  plant  which  is  inserted  in  soil 

or  water  with  the  intention  that  it  shall  grow ,  slip. 
Cyme.     A  flower  cluster,  flat   or  convex  on  top,  and  in 

which  the  central  flowers  open  first. 

Deciduous.      Said  of  plants  whose  leaves  fall  in  autumn. 
Derivation   hybrid.     A  hybrid    between  hybrids,    or    be- 
tween a    hybrid  and  one  of  its  parents ;  derivative  hybrid ; 

secondary  hybrid. 
Dibber.     See  Dibble. 
Dibble.     A  pointed  instrument  used  for  making  holes  in 

the  ground  for  the  planting  of  seeds  and  roots ;  dibber. 
Dioecious.     Said  of   species   in    which  the    stamens    and 

pistils  are  borne  on  different  plants. 

Disbudding.     The  practice  or  operation  of  removing  buds. 
Double-graft.     A  plant  twice  grafted  for  the  purpose  of  . 

overcoming  the  lack  of  affinity  between  stock  and  scion. 
Double-grafting.     The    practice    and    process    of    twice 

grafting  or  budding  a  plant  so  that  the  root,  the  stem  or  a 

part   of   it,  and   the  top,    shall    each    represent  a   different 

variety.     It   is  used  when  a  certain  variety  will  not  grow 

upon  a  given  root,  but  which  will  grow  on  some  variety  that 

unites  with  that  root ;  double-working. 
Double-working.     See  double -grafting. 
Drupe.     A  fleshy  or  soft  fruit  formed  entirely  from  the 

ovary,  and  containing  a  hard  pit  ;  stone-fruit.     The  peach 

and  cherry  are  examples. 
Embryo.     The  rudimentary  plant  contained  in  the  seed ; 

seed-germ. 
Entomology.     The  science  of  insects. 


Glossary.  219 

Evergreen.     Said  of  plants  which  hold  their  leaves  dur- 
ing winter. 

Eye.     A  cutting  composed  of  a  single  bud. 
Family.     A  group   of  genera  and  species,  as   Critciferce, 

mustard  family  ;   Gramince,  grass  family.     In   botany,  order 

in  the  same. 
Fecundation.     The  action  of  the  pollen  upon  the  pistil ; 

fertilization  ;  impregnation. 
Female.     Used  to  designate  flowers  or  plants  which  bear 

only  styles. 
Fertilization.     The  action  of  the  pollen  upon  the  pistil  ; 

fecundation  ;  impregnation. 
Fertilizer,      i.     Any    substance    which    promotes    plant 

growth.     2.   Plant  food. 
Fertilizing.     The  act  or  process  of  applying  fertilizers  to 

plants.       The   word  fertilization    should    be    restricted    to 

designate  the  action  of  pollen. 
Flagging.     Wilting  of   newly  set   plants  or  herbaceous 

cuttings. 
Flat.     A  shallow  box  used  by  gardeners  in  which  to  sow 

seeds  or  handle  plants. 
Floriculture.     The  cultivation  of  flowers. 
Florist.     One  who  practices  floriculture. 
Flower.     An  organ  which  contains  a  stamen  or  pistil,  or 

both.     It  is  usually  provided  with  some  kind  of  an  envelope, 

as  calyx  and  corolla. 
Forcing-house.     A  structure  in  which  plants  are  grown  or 

forced  out  of  their  season. 
Frame.     The    structure    forming  the  sides  and   ends   of 

cold-frames  or  hot-beds.     A  frame  is  usually  understood  to 

be   the   area  covered  by  a  single  sash,  when  areas  are  to  be 

designated. 
Fruit,      i.    Botanically,   a  ripened   ovary,  containing  the 

seeds.     2.    Popularly,   any  edible  or   ornamental    organ    or 


22O  The  Horticulturist"  s  Rule- Book. 

Fruit,  continued. 

collection  of   organs  which  are  closely  associated  in  their 
origin  with  the  flower. 

Fungicide.     A  substance  employed  to  destroy  fungi. 

Fungoid  (adj.}.  Fungus-like  in  general  appearance  or 
characteristics.  A  fungoid  disease  is  one  which  appears  to 
be  due  to  a  fungus,  but  whose  character  is  not  understood. 

Fungous  (adj,).  Pertaining  or  due  to  a  fungus  or  to 
fungi ;  as,  &  fungous  disease. 

Fungus  (pi.,  fungi].  A'  flowerless  (plant,  devoid  of 
chlorophyl,  drawing  its  nourishment  from  living  plants 
or  animals  or  from  decaying  matter. 

Gardener0  One  who  practices  horticulture  on  a  small  or 
on  an  intensive  scale. 

Gardening.  The  art  and  science  of  raising  kitchen  garden 
vegetables,  fruits  and  ornamental  plants  ;  horticulture.  The 
term  is  commonly  restricted,  however,  to  the  operations  of 
growing  kitchen  garden  vegetables  and  flowers. 

Genus  (pi.,  genera).  A  group  or  kind  containing  a  greater 
or  less  number  of  closely  related  species  ;  as  Rosa,  the  rose 
genus,  Tilia,  the  linden  genus. 

Germination.  The  act  or  process  by  which  a  seed  or 
spore  gives  rise  to  a  new  and  independent  plant. 

Gourd.  An  ambiguous  term,  used  in  America  to  designate 
various  small  fruits  of  the  pumpkin  and  squash  genus  which 
are  grown  for  ornament  and  curiosity.  In  other  countries 
the  term  is  generic  for  most  pumpkins  and  squashes. 

Graft.     Scion,  which  see. 

Graftage.  The  process  of  grafting,  or  the  condition  or 
state  of  being  grafted. 

Grafting.  The  operation  of  inserting  a  bud  or  scion 
upon  a  stock.  It  is  commonly  restricted  to  the  operation 
of  inserting  scions  of  dormant  wood,  or  to  those  operations 
in  which  wax  or  mastic  is  used  to  dress  the  wounds. 


Glossary.  221 

Greenhouse.     A  glass  house  in  which  plants  are  grown. 

Originally  and  properly,  however,  it  was  applied  to  houses 

in    which    plants    were  simply    preserved  green  during  the 

winter. 

Ha-ha.     A  sunken  fence. 
Half-breed.     A  cross  between  varieties  of  the  same  species  ; 

cross-breed,  mongrel,  variety-hybrid. 
Half-hardy  (adj.).     A  term  applied  to  plants  which  need 

protection   during  winter,  but  which  can  endure  some  frost. 
Half-hybrid.     The  product  of  a  cross  between  a   species 

and  a  variety  of  another  species. 
Hand-box.     A    box   of   size  sufficient  to    cover  a  hill  of 

plants,  provided  with  a  cover  of  glass,  cloth,  or  paper,  used 

to  force  plants  in  the  hill. 

Hardiness.  Capability  to  endure  a  given  climate. 
Hardy  (adj.).  Able  to  withstand  a  given  climate. 
Heart-wood.  The  inner  and  colored  wood  of  trees.  The 

deeper  color    and  greater  hardness  of  heart-wood  are  due 

chiefly  to  the  deposition  of  mineral  matter  in  the  cells. 
Herb.     A  plant  possessing  but  a  small  amount  of  hard, 

woody  fibre,  the  stem  of  which  dies  at  the  approach  of  winter. 
Hei barium.    A  collection  of  preserved  plants.     The  plants 

are  usually  dried  and  glued  on  sheets  of  paper. 
Heeling-in.     The   process   and  operation  of   temporarily 

covering  the  roots  of  plants  to  preserve  them  until  wanted 

for  permanent  planting. 
Horticulture.     The    art    and    science    of    raising    fruits, 

kitchen  garden  vegetables,  flowers  and  ornamental  trees  and 

shrubs. 

Horticulturist.     One  who  practices  horticulture. 
Hot-bed.     A   frame   covered   with  glass,  cloth  or  paper, 

provided  with  bottom  heat,  and  used  for  forcing  plants. 
Hot-house.     A  glass  house,  artificially  warmed,  in  which 

plants  are  grown. 


222  The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 

Hy'brid,  or  hybrid.  The  offspring  of  plants  of  different 
species. 

Hybridism  or  hyb/ridism.  The  state,  quality  or  condi- 
tion of  being  a  hybrid  ;  hybridity. 

Hybridist.     One  who  practices  hybridizing. 

Hy Aridity  or  hyb'ridity.     Hybridism. 

Hybridization  or  hybridization.  The  state  or  condition 
of  being  hybridized  ;  or  the  process  or  act  of  hybridizing. 

Hybridization.  The  action  of  the  pollen  of  one  species 
upon  the  pistil  of  another  species. 

Hybridizing  or  hybridizing.  The  operation  or  practice 
of  crossing  species. 

Impregnation.  The  action  of  the  pollen  upon  the  pistil ; 
fertilization  ;  fecundation. 

Inarching.  The  process  of  grafting  contiguous  plants  or 
branches  while  the  parts  are  both  attached  to  their  own 
roots.  When  the  parts  unite,  one  is  severed  from  its  own 
support. 

Individual-fertilization.  Fertilization  between  flowers  upon 
the  same  plant. 

Inorganic.  Pertaining  to  unorganized  substances,  as  miner- 
als, rocks,  chemicals,  etc. 

Insect.  An  articulate  animal  which  in  the  mature  state 
has  three  distinct  divisions  and  six  legs. 

Insecticide.     A  substance  employed  to  destroy  insects. 

Kitchen-garden.  An  area  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of 
"vegetables,"  or  annual  plants  which  yield  edible  parts. 

Kitchen-garden  vegetable.  An  edible  portion  of  an  an- 
nual plant.  A  loose  term,  commonly  shortened  to  vegetable. 

Landscape  gardening.  The  art  of  embellishing  grounds. 
It  demands  a  high  appreciation  of  natural  scenery  and  an 
ability  to  represent  it  in  grounds. 

Landscape  horticulture.  The  operations  and  manual 
appliances  employed  in  embellishing  grounds  ;  the  industrial 
phase  of  landscape  gardening. 


Glossary.  223 

Larva  (p\.,Zarv<z).  The  worm-like  stage  of  insects.  A 
larva  is  commonly  called  a  worm. 

Lawn.  An  area  of  green-sward  used  for  ornamental 
purposes. 

Layer.  A  shoot  of  a  plant  bent  down  and  partially  or 
wholly  covered  with  earth  with  the  intention  that  it  shall  take 
root,  when  it  can  be  severed  from  and  become  independent 
of  the  parent  plant. 

Layerage.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  layered,  or 
the  operation  or  practice  of  layering  plants. 

Legume.  A  simple  pod  composed  of  two  valves  or  parts 
as  pea  and  bean  pods. 

Leguminous.  Of  or  pertaining  to  legumes.  Used  to  des- 
ignate plants  of  the  pea  and  bean  family. 

Maiden  (adj.).  Applied  to  young  plants  which  have  not 
borne. 

Male.  Used  to  designate  flowers  or  plants  which  bear 
only  stamens. 

Manure,  i.  Any  substance  which  promotes  plant  growth. 
2.  Plant  food. 

Microbe.  A  term  applied  to  various  microscopic  organ- 
isms, usually  classed  with  plants,  which  play  an  important 
role  in  disease  chemical  decomposition  and  decay. 

Mildew.     A  powdery  or  mold-like  growth  attached  lightly 

to  the  surface  of  the  plant,  particularly  when  it  is  white  or 

nearly  so,  as  gooseberry  mildew. 
Mongrel.     A  cross  between  varieties  of  the  same  species  ; 

half-breed  ;  cross-breed  ;  variety -hybrid. 
Monoecious.     Said  of    plants  in  which  the  stamens  and 

pistils  are  borne  in  different  flowera  on  the  same  plant. 
Mother-bulb.      The  large  bulb  about  which  bulbels   are 

formed. 
Mycology.     The  science  of  fungi. 


224  The  Horticulturist* s  Rule- Book. 

Nursery.  An  establishment  for  the  rearing  of  plants.  In 
America  the  word  is  used  in  connection  with  woody  plants 
only. 

Qffscape.  The  landscape  which  lies  adjacent  to  one's 
grounds. 

Olericulture.  The  cultivation  of  kitchen  garden  vege- 
tables ;  vegetable  gardening. 

Open.  An  implanted  ortion  of  grounds  ;  an  open  lawn 
or  field. 

Order.     Family,  m  botany. 

Organic.  Pertaining  to  organized  or  living  bodies  or  their 
remains. 

Ovule.  A  sexual  body  borne  in  the  ovary,  which,  when 
mature,  becomes  the  seed. 

Ovary.  The  lower  extremity  of  the  pistil,  which,  when 
mature,  becomes  the  fruit.  It  contains  the  ovules. 

Panicle.  An  open  and  more  or  less  compound  flower- 
cluster. 

Papilionaceous.  Butterfly-like:  said  of  flowers  of  the 
pea  and  bean  family,  from  their  fancied  resemblance  to  but- 
terflies. 

Parasite.  A  plant  or  animal  which  lives  upon  living 
plants  or  animals. 

Pedicel.  The  stalk  of  a  particular  flower  in  a  cluster.  A 
flower  which  is  borne  singly  has  a  peduncle. 

Peduncle.  A  stalk  of  a  flower  which  is  borne  singly,  or  of 
a  cluster  of  flowers. 

PepO.  A  berry -like  fruit  in  which  the  rind  is  hardened, 
and  which  belongs  to  the  gourd  family,  as  the  pumpkin, 
melon,  cucumber,  etc. 

Perfect.  Said  of  flowers  which  bear  both  stamens  and 
pistils. 

Perianth.  The  leaves  of  a  flower.  Usually  applied  to 
those  flowers  in  which  the  calyx  and  corolla  are  nearly  alike, 
as  the  lily. 


Glossary.  225 

Perennial  (adj.).  Persisting  from  year  to  year.  The  term 
perennial  is  commonly  understood  to  designate  herbaceous 
plants  which  live  for  many  years. 

Pet/al,  or  Pe'tal.  One  of  the  separate  parts  of  the 
corolla;  an  inner  leaf  of  a  flower. 

Petiole.     The  stem  of  a  leaf. 

Phenogam.  One  of  the  class  of  flowering  plants.  These 
plants  propagate  by  seed. 

Pip.  A  term  applied  to  certain  small  seeds  or  seed-like 
fruits  of  berries  and  other  fruits. 

Pip' ing.     A  cutting 

Pistil.  That  portion  of  the  flower  which  receives  the  pol- 
len and  bears  the  seeds.  It  always  has  two  parts,  the  stigma 
and  the  ovary,  and  these  are  usually  connected  by  a  style. 
It  is  the  female  organ  of  the  plant. 

Pistillate.     Bearing  pistils  alone  ;  female. 

Plantlet.     The  little  plant  just  emerged  from  the  seed. 

It  becomes  a  plant  when  it  is  able  to  assimilate  and  lead  an 

independent  existence. 

Pod.  A  dry  seed-vessel  which  splits  open  at  maturity; 
capsule. 

Pollen.  A  product  of  the  anthers  which  is  capable  of  fer- 
tilizing the  stigma.  It  is  usually  granular  and  powdery. 

Pollination.  The  conveyance  of  pollen  from  the  anther 
to  the  stigma. 

Polygamous.  Said  of  plants  or  species  which  bear  both 
perfect  and  imperfect  flowers. 

Pome.  A  fleshy  fruit  with  a  papery  core  surrounded  by 
a  greatly  thickened  calyx,  as  the  apple,  quince,  etc. 

Race.  A  fixed  variety ;  that  is,  a  variety  which  repro- 
duces itself  more  or  less  uniformly  from  seeds. 

Raceme.  A  more  or  less  elongated  and  simple  flower 
cluster  with  one-flowered  pedicels. 


226  The  Horticulturist* s  Rule-Book. 

Regermination.  Second  germination.  Seeds  which  have 
been  checked  after  germination  has  begun  may  resume  the 
process  under  favorable  conditions. 

Root.  A  part  of  the  plant  which  bears  neither  leaves  nor 
buds,  and  which  absorbs  nourishment  for  the  plant,  or  serves 
as  a  support  for  it.  It  may  be  subterranean  or  aerial. 

Root-cap  The  covering  upon  the  end  of  a  growing  root. 
The  elongation  of  the  root  takes  place  just  behind  the 
root-cap. 

Root-grafting.     Grafting  upon  the  root. 

Root-hair.  A  very  delicate  prolongation  of  a  cell  of  a 
young  root.  Root  hairs  are  active  agents  in  absorbing  plant 
food. 

Rot.  The  decay  of  the  thicker  part  of  plants,  however 
brought  about ;  the  amount  of  moisture  present  determin- 
ing whether  it  shall  be  called  wet  or  dry  rot,  as  potato-rot. 

Runner.  A  procumbent  or  creeping  herbaceous  shoot 
which  takes  root  at  the  joints. 

Rust.  Any  plant  disease  in  which  the  surface  of  the 
plant  is  apparently  converted  into  a  powder  or  scurf,  par- 
ticularly when  of  a  ferruginous  or  blackish  color,  as  wheat 
rust. 

Saddle-graft.  A  sort  of  grafting  in  which  the  scion  is  split 
below  and  inserted  over  the  end  of  the  stock,  which  is  cut 
wedge-shape. 

Salad.  A  dish  of  uncooked  herbs,  or  chopped  meat  com- 
bined with  uncooked  herbs. 

Sap.  A  term  designating  loosely  the  liquid  contents  of 
plants 

Saprophyte.  A  plant  which  lives  upon  dead  or  decaying 
matter,  as  a  mushroom  or  toadstool. 

Scion,  or  Cion.  A  portion  of  a  plant  which  is  mechani- 
cally inserted  upon  the  same  or  another  plant  with  the  in- 
tention that  it  shall  grow  ;  a  graft  As  commonly  used,  a 
scion,  in  distinction  from  a  bud,  bears  two  or  more  buds. 


Glossary.  227 

Secondary  hybrid.  A  hybrid  between  hybrids,  or  between 
a  hybrid  and  one  of  its  parents  ;  derivative  hybrid  ;  deriva- 
tion hybrid. 

Se'pal,  or  Sep'al.  One  of  the  separate  parts  of  the 
calyx  ;  an  outer  leaf  of  a  flower. 

Shoot.     A  soft  and  growing  branch. 

Shrub.  A  small  and  bushy  woody  plant,  with  no  central 
stem  or  trunk  :  bush. 

Side-graft.  A  oort  of  grafting  in  which  the  scion  is  in- 
serted in  a  slit  or  oblique  cleft  in  the  side  of  the  stock. 

Slip.     A  cutting. 

Small-fruit.  Low  and  bush- like  fruit  plants,  and  the 
fruits  they  produce,  as  the  currant,  gooseberry,  blackberry, 
strawberry  and  the  like. 

Splice-graft.  A  sort  of  grafting  in  which  both  the  scion 
and  stock  are  cut  off  obliquely  and  the  cut  surfaces  applied 
to  each  other,  the  two  scions  being  held  secure  by  bands  of 
string. 

Seed.  The  sexual  reproductive  organ  of  flowering  plants  ; 
a  ripened  ovule.  Its  essential  part  is  the  embryo,  or  rudi- 
mentary plantlet. 

Seedage.  The  process  of  propagation  by  seeds,  or  the 
state  or  condition  of  being  propagated  by  seeds. 

Seed-germ.  The  rudimentary  plant  contained  in  the 
seed  ;  embryo. 

Seedling.  A  plant  growing  directly  from  the  seed,  with- 
out the  intervention  of  grafts  or  cuttings. 

Self-fertilization.  The  action  of  pollen  upon  a  pistil  of 
the  same  flower  ;  close-fertilization. 

Self-pollination.  The  transfer  of  pollen  to  a  pistil  of  the 
same  flower. 

Spore.  The  reproductive  body  of  a  flowerless  plant, 
answering  to  the  seed  of  a  flowering  plant.  It  contains  no 
embryo. 


228  The  Horticulturist's  Rule-Book. 

Spur.  A  very  short  and  small  branch  bearing  leaves 
or  flowers. 

Stalk.  In  descriptions  of  apples  and  similar  fruits,  the 
stem  or  pedicel. 

Stamen.  That  portion  of  the  flower  which  bears  the  pol- 
len. It  consists  of  the  anther  and  filament.  It  is  the  male 
organ  of  the  plant. 

Staminate.     Bearing  stamens  alone  \  male. 

Stem.  That  portion  of  the  plant  which  bears  leaves  or 
buds,  or  both.  It  may  be  aerial  or  subterranean. 

Stigma.  The  upper  extremity  of  the  pistil  upon  which 
the, pollen  is  received.  It  is  usually  more  or  less  pappilose 
and  glutinous. 

Stipule.  A  more  or  less  leaf -like  and  usually  small  ap- 
pendage at  the  base  of  a  petiole.  Stipules  are  borne  in 
pairs,  but  they  are  not  always  present. 

Stock,  i.  The  parentage  of  a  particular  strain  or  va- 
riety. 2.  A  plant  or  part  of  a  plant  upon  which  a  bud  or 
graft  is  set. 

Stolon.  A  decumbent  shoot  which  roots  at  or  near  the 
tip,  as  the  shoots  of  black  raspberries. 

Stove.  A  very  warm  glass  house,  used  for  growing  tropi- 
cal plants. 

Strain  A  sub-variety,  or  individuals  of  a  variety,  which 
has  been  improved  and  bred  under  known  conditions. 

Stub.  A  portion  of  a  trunk  or  branch  which  has  been  re- 
cently grafted.  Usually  applied  to  top-graftng. 

Style.  The  more  or  less  slender  portion  of  the  pistil 
connecting  the  stigma  and  ovary. 

Tongue-graft.    Whip- graft. 

Top-grafting.     Grafting  upon  the  top  of  a  plant. 

Tree.     A  woody  plant  attaining  the  height  of   a  man  or 

more,  and  having  a  definite  central  stem  or  trunk. 
Truss.    Loosely  applied  to  clusters  of  flowers  or  fruits. 


Glossary.  229 

Tuber,  A  prominently  thickened  root  or  stem,  usually 
subterranean. 

Umbel.     A  flower  cluster  which  is  flat  or  flattish  on  top, 

.    and  whose  pedicels  start  from  a  common  point,  or  nearly  so. 

Variety-hybrid.  A  cross  between  varieties  of  the  same 
species  ;  half-breed  ;  cross-breed  ;  mongrel. 

Vegetable,  i.  A  plant.  2.  In  horticultare,  an  edible  por- 
tion of  an  annual  plant ;  kitchen-garden  vegetable.  In  the 
latter  sense,  a  loose  term. 

Vegetable-gardening.  The  cultivation  of  kitchen-garden 
vegetables  ;  olericulture. 

Vegetation,  i.  Vegetable  or  plant  life.  2.  The  process 
or  act  of  vegetating  or  growing. 

Veneer-graft.  A  sort  of  grafting  in  which  the  scion  is  ap- 
plied to  the  side  of  the  stock,  only  the  bark  oeing  removed 
between  them. 

Viticulture.     Grape  culture. 

Weed.  A  plant  which  grows  where  it  is  not  wanted  and 
which  becomes  troublesome. 

Whip-graft.  A  species  of  grafting  in  which  the  scion  is 
secured  to  the  stock  by  means  of  a  tongue  which  Is  inserted 
in  a  cleft  in  the  stock  ;  tongue-graft. 

Wilding.  A  wild  or  uncultivated  plant.  Commonly  used 
to  designate  the  wild  individuals  of  a  cultivated  species. 

Wind-shake.  An  injury  to  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  consisting 
of  the  more  or  less  complete  separation  of  Ihe  concentric 
annual  layers  or  of  the  separation  of  the  Dark  from  the 
wood.  The  injury  is  commonly  ascribed  to  the  wind,  but  it 
is  oftener  due  to  the  frost  and  other  causes. 

Winter-killing.  The  process  or  act  by  which  a  plant  is 
killed  by  the  climate  of  winter. 

Worm.  A  term  properly  applied  to  a  large  class  of  legless 
articulated  animals,  of  which  the  angle-worm,  or  earth- 
worm, and  trichina  are  examples.  The  term  is  commonly, 
but  improperly,  applied  to  the  'arvae  of  Insects. 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Acanthacara  similis 33 

Actinonema  rosae 53 

.££geria  cucurbitae 36 

ALgeria.  exitiosa 31 

vEgeria  polistiformis 27 

^geriapyri 32 

ALgeria  tipuliformis 23 

Alcoholic  Waxes 65 

Ammoniacal  carbonate  of  copper   39 

Amphicerus  bicaudatus    ....    20 

Analyses,  Animal  Excrements  .  179 

Fruits  and  Fruit  Plants  ...  171 

Garden  Crops  and  Fruits    .   .175 

Materials  used  for  Fertilizers  .  182 

Sub-tropical  Fruits 172 

Atiarsia  lineatella 31,37 

Anasa  tristis 36 

Andoynaud  process 40 

Angle- worm  or  Earth-worm   .    .    17 
Animal  Excrements,  Analyses 

of 179 

Anisopteryx  vernata 18 

An  thorny  i  a  brassicae 21 

Anthomyia  ceparum 29 

Anthomyia  raphani 34 

Anthonomus  quadrigibbus  .   .        17 

Anthonomus  musculus 37 

Anthonomus  suturalis 23 

Anthracnose  of  Grape 47 

Ants 28 

Aphides  or  Plant-Lice 17 

Aphis   Forbesii 37 

Aphodius  granarius .22 

Apple  Curculio 17 

Apple  Flea-Beetle 17 


Page. 

Apple  Maggot i? 

Apples,  Exports  of 203 

Apples,  Weights  of i38 

Arsenic 7 

Arsenites     . 7 

Arsenite  of  soda 64 

Artipus  Floridanus 3° 

Asafoetida  for  rabbits 60 

Ash  of  Fruits i?4 

Asparagus  Beetle 20 

Aster-worm 20 

Avoirdupois  Weight 126 

Bag-worm  or  Basket-worm    .    .    20 

Bait 9 

Bandage,  Waxed 61 

Bark-Lice I/ 

Bean  Anthracnose 45 

Bean-Weevil 20 

Beeswax  Waxes      65 

Bembecia  marginata 34 

Bird  poisons 60 

Bisulphide  of  carbon 9 

Bitter-rot -44 


Black-rot 47 

Bleeding  in  Vines 6S 

Blepharida  rhois 37 

Blight 15.50.55 

Blight  powder 39 

Blister-beetle 21 

Blue  Vitriol,  or  Copperas     ...  9 

Boiler  Cements 69 

Bordeaux  mixture 39 

Brown-rot ...  46 

Bruchus  pisi 3° 

Bruchus  obsoletus 2 


(230) 


Index. 


231 


Page. 

Bud-grafting 102 

Bud  Moth 18 

Budding,  Ways  of          101 

Buhach 12 

Bushel,  Legal  Weight  of .   .   .   .114 

Cabbage- worm 21 

Ceeoma  luminatum 53 

Camphor  for  rats  and  mice     .   .    58 

Cane-borer 34 

Cane-rust 53 

Canker-worm 18 

Carbolic  acid 40,64 

Carbolic  acid  and  soap  mixture     9 
Carbolic  acid  and  water  ...     9 

Carbolized  plaster 9 

Carbonate  of  baryta 57 

Carpocapsa  pomenelia 18 

Celery-leaf  Bright 46 

Cements  arid  Mortars 69 

Cercospora  Apii 46 

Cercospora  rossecola 54 

Chiswick  Pots 113 

Chloride  of  iron 40 

Chrysobothris  femorata    ....    18 
Chrysanthemum  Leaf-Miner  .   .    22 

Cladosporium 49,55 

Clisiocampa  Americana  and  C. 

sylvatica 19 

Cloth  lor  Pits  and  Frames  ...    74 

Club-foot 45 

Club-root ....    45 

Coal-tar  for  weeds 64 

Coal-tar  fumes 9 

Coccotoris  scutellatis 33 

Codlin  Moth 18 

Collecting  Plants 160 

Collecting  Insects 168 

Colorado  Potato  Beetle  ....    33 
Composition     of   various    sub- 
stances      171 

Conotrachelus  nenuphar  .   .   .  19,33 
Cooling  Glass,  Effects  of  Wind  .  132 

Copper  Cement 70 

Copper  mixture  of  Gironde     .   .    39 


Page; 

Cornstalk  Borer 22 

Cottonwood  Leaf-beetle  .  .  .  33 
Covent  Garden  Measures  ...  122 

Cow-manure 59,140 

Cranberry  Aphis 22 

Cranberry  Saw-Fly 23 

Grioceris  asparagi 20 

Crops,  Yield  per  Acre 98 

Cucumber  or  Pickle- Worm    .  .    23 

Curculio 33 

Curl,  Leaf-curl     49 

Currant  Borer 23 

Currant  Measuring-worm   ...    24 

Currant-worml 24 

Cut-worm 24 

Cut- worm,  Climbing 25 

Dactylopius  adonidum  ....  29 
Dalmatian  Insect  Powder  ...  12 

Damp  Walls,  Paint  for 73 

Darapsa  myron 27 

Dates  of  Fruits  and  Nuts  .  .  .135 
Dates  for  Sowing  and  Setting  .  86 

David's  Powder 40 

Depressaria  heracliana     ....    30 

Diabrotica  i2-punctata 23 

Diabrotica  vittata 23 

Doryphora  decemlineata  ....    33 

Downy  Mildew 47 

Earthenware  Cement 70 

Eau  celeste 40 

Eau  Grison 41 

Elements 170 

Elm-leaf  Beetle 25 

Elophidion  parallelum  and   E. 

villosum 20 

Empoa  albopicta 24 

Emphytus  maculatus 37 

English  sparrows,  Poison  for  .  .  60 
Entomosporium  maculatum  .  50,53 
Erysiphe  Cichoracearum  ...  55 

Erythroneura  vitis 28 

Equivalents  of  Metric  Measures  128 

Eudioptis  hyalinata 29 

Eudioptis  nitidalis 23 


232 


The  Horticulturists  Rule-Book. 


Page. 

Eufitchia  ribearia 24 

Exhibition,  Rules  for 144 

Experiment  Stations,  Number 

and  Cost  of 207 

Export  of  Apples 203 

Fall  Web-worm 18 

Fertilizers,  Analyses  of  ....  182 
Fertilizing  Constituents  in 

Fruits 174 

Fidia  viticida 27 

Fireproof  or  Stone  Cement  .   .   .    70 

Fire-proof  Paint 73 

Fire-worm  or  Cranberry-worm  .    22 

Flat-headed  Borer 18 

Flea-beetle 25 

Flowers,  National  and  Party  .   .  134 
Flower  Pots,  Standard   ....    113 
Flowers,  Preserving  and  Print- 
ing of 161 

Flowers,  to  keep  Fresh    ....  164 

Foreign  Postage 154 

Formica  sp 28 

Four-striped  Plant-Bug    ....    24 

French  Paste 58 

French  Waxes 66 

Frost,  Protection  from 157 

Fruit  Plants,  Longevity  of  ...    98 

Fruits,  Analyses  of 173 

Fruits  and  Nuts,  Dates  of  ...  135 
Fruits  and  Vegetables,  Names  of  194 
Fruits  and  Vegetables,  Keeping  104 
Fruits,  how  Multiplied  ....  102 
Fruits,  Distances  to  Plant  ...  90 
Fruits,  Fertilizing  Constituents 

in 174 

Fruits,  Importations  of  ....  205 
Fruits,  Rules  for  Naming  .  .  .  142 
Fusicladium  dentriticum  ...  44 

Fusicladium  pyrinum 51 

Garden  Borders,  Concrete  for  .   .  71 
Garden  Crops,  Analyses  of .   .  .  175 
Garden  Seeds,  Longevity  of  .  .    81 
Garden  Seeds,  Time  required 
to  Germinate 84 


Page. 
Garden  Seeds,  Weight  and  Size 

of 77 

Germination,  Time  required  .   .    84 

Glass,  Cement  for 70 

Glass,  Reflection  from 133 

Glass  for  Commercial  purposes  133 
Glaeosporium  fructigemum  ...  44 
Gloeosporium  nervisequum  ...  52 

Glaeosporium  necator 53 

Glasosporium  Lindemuthianum    45 

Glue,  Liquid 74 

Glue  and  arsenites  wash  ....     9 
Gooseberry  Fruit-worm   ....    26 
Government  Aids  to  Horticul- 
ture     205 

Grafting  and  Budding 101 

Grain  Aphodius 22 

Grape-berry  Worm 26 

Grape  Curculio 26 

Grape-seed  Worm 26 

Grape-slug  or  Saw-fly 27 

Grape-vine  Fidia 27 

Grape-vine  Flea-beetle  ...  27 
Grape-vine  Root-borer  .  .  .  .  27 

Grape-vine  Sphinx 27 

Grapes,  List  of 108 

Graptodera  chalybea 27 

Graptodera  foliacea 17 

Greenhouse,  Paint  for 73 

Greenhouse,  Area  of  Glass  .   .   .133 

Green  Leaf-hopper 24 

Green  Lettuce-worm 29 

Grison  Liquid 41 

Grout  Floor,  Concrete  for    ...    71 

Gryllotolpa  borealis 3^ 

Gum,  Flower 75 

Gum  for  Labels 75 

Haltica  rufipes  .   .       32 

Harlequin  Cabbage-bug  ....    21 

Heliothis  armiger 38 

Helotropha  atra 22 

Horticultural  Society  Rules  .  .  145 
Horticultural  Statistics  ....  200 
Horticulture,  Rules  of 142 


Index. 


233 


Page. 
Horticulture,  Government  Aids 

to 205 

Hoskins'  Wax 67 

Hot  water 10 

Household  measures 140 

Hyphantria  textor 18 

Injury  by  mice  and  rabbits  ...    58 
Insects,  Collecting  and  Preserv- 


ing . 


.  168 


Iron,  Cement  for 69 

Jumping  Sumac  Beetle 37 

Katydid 3°>3i>33 

Keeping  Fruits  and  Vegetables  .  104 

Kerosene 10 

Kerosene  and  condensed  milk 

emulsion 10 

Kerosene  emulsion 10 

Kerosene  and  milk  emulsion  .   .    10 
Kerosene  and  water  emulsion    .    10 

Laestadia  Bidwellii 47 

Lachnosterna  fusca 29 

Lavender  Bag 168 

Lawns,  Weeds  in 63 

Leaf-blight 5<>,53 

Leaf-brownness 53 

Leaf-crumpler 28 

Leaf-notcher 30 

Leaf  Prints 166 

Leaf-rust 51,52 

Leaf-scorching 52 

Lina  scripta 33 

Leaf-spot 49-54 

Legal  Sizes 116 

Legal  Weights 114 

Lime  and  Sulphur 63 

Lime  spray n 

Liver  of  sulphur 42 

London  Purple 8,11 

Longevity  of  Fruit  Plants    ...    98 

Longevity  of  Seeds 81 

Lye  and  sulphur  wash n 

Lye  wash 1 1 

Lytta     . 21 

Macrodactylus  suhspinosur.     .    .    35 


Page. 
Macrosila  quinquemaculata    .  .    38 

Maggot 21,29 

Mail  Matter 152 

Margarodes  quadristigmalis  .  .  34 
Maturity,  Time  required  .  .  .  .  97 
May-beetle  or  May-bug  ....  29 

Mealy-bug 29,35 

Measures 114,129 

Measures,  Covent  Garden  .   .   .122 

Melampsora  populina 52 

Melon-worm 29 

Metals,  to  prevent  rusting    ...    74 

Mice  and  rabbits 58 

Milk  of  Lime 41 

Micrococcus  amylovorus  ....  50 
Microcentrum  retinervis  ....  30 

Mildew 47,49,54 

Mole  Cricket 33 

Monilia  fructigena 46 

Mortar 71 

Moss     64 

Multiplication i  .2 

Mushroom-fly 29 

Mytilaspis  pomorum 17 

Myzus  persicae 31 

Naming  Fruits 142 

Naming  Vegetables 143 

National  and  Party  Flowers  .   .  134 

Nematus  ventricosus 24 

Nomenclature,  Rules  of    .  .142,143 

Oberea  bimaculata 34 

CEcanthus  niveus 35 

Oil  and  alkali  wash n 

Oil  of  Vitriol 64 

Oncideres  cingulatus 32 

Orange-leaf  Scab 49 

Orchard  and  Garden  Products  .  202 

Orchids,  Price  of 137 

Orgyia  leucostigma 19 

Oscinis  sp 22 

Packages 120 

Paecilocapsus  lineatus 24 

Paints 72,73 

Paper,  paint  for 74 


234 


The  Horticulturist s  Rule- Book. 


Page. 

Papilio  Asterias 30 

Paraffineoil 12 

Paris  Green 7 

Parsley-worm 3° 

Parsnip  Web-worm 3° 

Pea-weevil  or  Pea-bug 30 

Peach-louse  or  Aphis 31 

Peach-tree  Borer 31 

Peach-twig  Moth     31 

Pear-tree  Borer 32 

Pear-twig  Beetle 32 

Perfumery 167 

Periods  of  Cultivation 196 

Peronospora  gangliformis    ...  49 

Peronospora  Schleideniana     .    .  49 

Peronospora  Violae 55 

Peronospora  viticola  ......  47 

Persian  Insect  Powder 12 

v    Phenic  acid 4° 

Phopobota  vacciniana    .....  22 

Phoxopteris  comptana 37 

Phragmidium  mucronatum    .   .  54 

Phycis  indigenella 28 

Phyllosticta  acericola 49 

Phyllotreta  vittata 25 

Phylloxera 27 

Phytophthora  infestans 52 

Phytophthora  Phaseoli 45 

Pierisrapae 21 

Pipes,  Water  held  by 130 

Pitch  Waxes 66 

Plants,  Collecting  and  Preserv- 
ing    160 

Plants,  Number^to  an  Acre     .   .  92 

Plasmidiophora  brassicae  ....  45 

Plaster  and  kerosene 12 

Plowrightia  morbosa 51 

Plum  Curculio 19 

Plum-gouger 33 

Plum-knot  or  Plum- wart  ....  51 

Plum-leaf  Fungus 51 

Plum  pockets 52 

Plusia  brassicae 29 

Pod-rust 45 


Page. 

Podeschard's  powder 41 

Podosphaera.  oxycanthae    ....    44 

Poisons,  rabbit 59 

Poison  for  English  sparrows     .    60 

Polyporus  versicolor 50 

Postage 152 

Potassium  sulphide 41 

Potato-rot 52 

Powdery  Mildew 44,48 

Preserving  Flowers 161 

Printing  Plants 163 

Pristiphora  identidem 23 

Privet  Web-worm 34 

Products,  Tariffs  on 206 

Promoting  growth 12 

Propagation 100 

Puccinia  Malvacearum 48 

Puccinia  pruni-spinosae 51 

Pyrethrum 12 

Quantity  of  Seed 76 

Quassia 13 

Rabbits     58,59 

Raspberries,  Dried 141 

Raspberry  Root-borer 34 

Raspberry  Saw-fly 34 

Rats  and  mice 57,58 

Rays  of  Light  Reflected    ....  133 

Recipes  and  Rules 138 

Red-legged  Flea-beetle     ....    32 

Red  Spider •    35 

Resin  and  fish-oil  soap 13 

Resin  and  petroleum  soap    ...    14 

Resin  soap 13 

Resin  wax 65 

Rhodites  radicum 34 

Red  or  Orange  Rust 53 

Root  Gall-fly 34 

Root-grafting 67 

Root-knot 35 

Root  louse 19 

Root-rot 50 

Rose  Beetle 19,35 

Rose-leaf  Hopper 36 

Rose  Slug 36 


Index. 


235 


Page. 

Roses,  Otto  of 167 

Rot 46,55 

Round-headed  Borers 19 

Rules  for  Exhibition 144 

Rules  of  Horticulture 142 

Rules  of  Nomenclature 142 

Rules  and  Recipes 138 

Rust,  Apple 44 

Rust,  Beet 45 

Rust,  Carnation 45 

Rust,  Currant 46 

Rust,  Hollyhock 48 

Rust,  Onion 49 

Rust,  Rose 54 

Rust,  Verbena .  •   •   •    55 

Rusting,  to  prevent 74 

Salt  and  lime  wash 14 

Salt  for  weeds 63 

Saperda  Candida  and  S.  cretata    19 

Saw-fly     . 37 

Scab 44,5i 

Scale 30,36 

Schizocerus  ebenus     .....       37 

Schizeneura  lanigera 19 

Sealing  Cement 71 

Seeds  for  an  Acre 76 

Selandria  cerasi 22 

Selandria  rosae 36 

Selandria  rubi 34 

Selandria  vitis 27 

Septoria  cerasina 51 

Septoria  Dianthi 45 

Septoria  Ribis 46 

Skawinski's  Powder      41 

Skawinski's  Solution     41 

Skeletonizing 166 

Slug 22 

Smut 46 

Snowy  Cricket 35 

Soap  and  arsenites 14 

Soap  and  lime  wash 14 

Soap  and  soda  wash 15 

Soap  and  tobacco 15 

Society  Standards 118 


Page. 

Soda  and  aloes 15 

Soda  hyposulphite 42 

Soda  and  resin  wash 15 

Soda  wash 15 

Sphaceloma  ampelinum    ....   47 

Sphaerella  fragariae      54 

Sphaerotheca  Castagnei    ....    54 
Sphaerotheca  Mors  uvae    ....    47 

Spheerotheca  pannosa 54 

Spotted  Cucumber  Beetle    ...    23 

Squash  Bug 36 

Squash-vine  Root-borer    .       .   .    36 

Standard  Measures 113 

Statistics,  Horticultural  ....    200 
Statistics,  Vegetable  Kingdom    208 

Stictocephala  festina 38 

Storing 


104 

Strawberry-leaf  Blight 54 

Strawberry  Leaf- roller 37 

Strawberry  Root-bore  r 37 

Strawberry  Root-louse  .   .       .   .   37 

Strawberry  Saw-fly 37 

String,  Waxed  .   . 67 

Striped  Cucumber  Beetle  ....    23 

Sulfosteatite 42 

Sulphate  of  copper 42 

Sulphate  of  iron 42 

Sulphated  sulphur 39 

Sulphide  of  potassium    .       ...   42 
Sulphide  of  soda  wash    .   .   .   .15,42 

Sulphatine 42 

Sulphur 16,43,59 

Sulphur  and  lime 43 

Sulphur  and  snuff 16 

Tanks  and  Wells 130 

Taphrina  deformans      49 

Taphrinapruni 52 

Tar  Cement 70 

Tariffs 206 

Tartar  emetic 58 

Tent  Caterpillars 19 

Termites 38 

Tetranychus  telarius 35 

Tettigonia  rosae 36 


236 


The  Horticulturist '  s  Rule- Book. 


Page. 

Thermometer  Scales 132 

Thrip  or  Leaf-hopper 28 

Thyridopteryx  ephemerseformis    20 

Tmetocera  ocellana 18 

Tobacco 16 

Tomato  Fruit- worm 38 

Tomato  Ringer     . 38 

Tomato-worm 38 

Trypeta  pomonella 17 

Tussock  Moth 19 

Twig-borer 20 

Twig-girdler 32 

Twig-pruners 20 

Typlocyba  albopicta 24 

Uncinula  spiralis 48 

Uromyces  betse 45 

Ustilago  Zeae-Mays 46 

Vanessa  antiopa 38 

Vegetables,  Naming 143 

Vegetables,  Names  of 194 

Vegetable   Kingdom,  Statistics 

of 208 

Violet  Rust     . 55 

Walks,  Concrete  for 71 


Page. 

Walks,  Weeds  in 63 

Walks,  Moss  on    . 64 

Water-proofing  Paints 73 

Waxed  Cloth,  etc 67 

Waxes 65,67 

Weather  Signs 157 

Weeds 62,63 

Weevil,  Cranberry 37 

Weevil,  Strawbei  ry 23 

Weights — Avoirdupois,  or  Com- 
mercial    126,127 

Weight  of  Seeds 77 

Weights  of  Apples 138 

Whale-oil  soap 16 

White  ants 38 

White  hellebore 16 

Wholesale  Quantities    ....      137 

Willow-worm 38 

Wind,  Cooling  Glass 132 

Wire-worm 38 

Wounds,  Waxes  for 67 

Xyleborus  pyri 32 

Yellows 50 

i    Yield  per  Acre 98 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


The  Horticulturist' s  Rule-Book, 


wwnOvV  4 


By  L.  H.  Bailey,  corresponding  Editor  of  The  American  Garden,  Hor- 
ticulturist of  the  Cornell  Experiment  Station,  and  Professor  of  Horticulture 
in  Cornell  University  ;  assisted  by  specialists  in  the  different  departments, 
and  correspondents  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 

This  book,  long  in  preparation,  and  now  nearly  ready,  has  met  with  the 
heartiest  approbation  in  all  quarters.  Following,  we  quote  the  author's 
preface  and  table  of  contents : 

PREFACE. 

A  series  of  Annals  of  Horticulture,  of  which  the  present  volume  is  the 
initial,  is  projected  for  the  purpose  of  preserving  in  convenient  form  a  record 
and  epitome  of  yearly  progress  in  horticulture.  Our  horticultural  interests 
are  becoming  so  various  and  extensive,  and  records  of  them  are  so  widely 
scattered,  that  such  compendiums  are  a  necessity;  and  summaries  of  the 
most  important  discoveries  and  discussions  must  have  a  direct  and  imme- 
diate practical  use,  wholly  aside  from  their  values  as  history.  A  leading 
feature  of  the  series  must  necessarily  be  complete  records  of  the  introduc- 
tion of  horticultural  plants  ;  and  the  author  desires  that  these  volumes  shall 
comprise  the  standard  publication  of  new  varieties.  So  far  as  record  is 
concerned,  these  publications  can  serve  the  purpose  of  the  certificates  is- 
sued for  new  varieties  by  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  in  England,  and 
by  similar  organizations  in  other  countries ;  and  to  this  end,  all  North  Amer- 
ican originators  and  introducers  are  solicited  to  make  records  of  their  nov- 
elties and  introductions.  It  certainly  requires  no  argument  to  convince  both 
dealer  ^nd  purchaser  that  all  interests  will  be  greatly  subserved  by  such  an- 
nual records. 

Complete  lists  of  all  the  varieties  of  fruits,  kitchen-garden  vegetables 
and  ornamentals  now  cultivated  in  North  America  are  needed.  Such  lists 
are  indispensable  to  an  understanding  of  the  present  condition  of  our  horti- 
culture, and  they  become  more  valuable  in  each  succeeding  year  as  matters 
of  history.  They  would  furnish  invaluable  material  for  the  study  of  the  di- 
rection and  extent  of  variation  in  cultivated  plants;  and,  as  varieties  in- 
crease, they  should  serve  a  purpose  in  preventing  the  duplication  of  varie- 
tal names.  A  contribution  to  such  comprehensive  record  has  been  made  in 
this  volume,  in  the  -insertion  of  a  list  of  all  the  varieties  of  kitchen-garden 
vegetables  now  cultivated  in  North  America,  so  far  as  the  names  can  be 


The  Horticulturists  Rule- Book. 


learned.  The  list  has  been  prepared  at  immense  labor  and  with  great  care. 
It  is  expected  that  similar,  lists  for  fruits  and  ornamentals  will  be  added  in 
other  years. 

The  present  volume  is  in  many  directions  fragmentary,  and  incomplete 
in  design.  It  is  prepared  undet  the  pressure  of  many  new  enterprises,  and 
it  has  the  faults  inherent  in  new  ventures.  It  is  particularly  desired  that 
future  volumes  shall  be  broader  in  iheir  scope,  and  that  European  horticul- 
ture, particularly  in  all  its  relations  to  our  own,  shall  receive  greater  atten- 
tion. It  is  the  purpose  to  present  in  each  volume  a  few  fresh  and  attractive 
accounts  of  the  horticultural  interests  of  other  countries,  in  extension  of  the 
plan  already  inaugurated  in  our  last  chapter. 

The  author  is  aware  that  the  accumulations  of  the  year  can  never  be 
complete  unless  the  horticulturists  of  the  country  cooperate  in  making 
them,  and  he  will  be  grateful  for  any  facts  which  are  worthy  of  record. 

L.  H.  BAILEY. 
December  31,  1889.  GARDEN  HOME,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 


CONTENTS. 

NEARLY    COMPLETE. 

T.  GENERAL  ANNALS :  Review  of  Yields  and  Prices  of  1889.  Horticul- 
tural Work  of  the  Experiment  Stations.  Horticultural  Work  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture.  Economic  Entomology.  Arsenites  for  the 
Curculio  Combating  Insects  \\iih  their  Parasites.  Vegetable  Pathol- 
ogy Laws  foi  Checking  Insect  Ravages  and  Plant  Diseases.  Oriental 
Fruits.  The  New  Plants  ct"  the  Southern  States.  Fruits  for  the  Cold 
Prairie  States.  Fruits  for  the  Cold  North,  and  Protection  of  some  Ten- 
der Fruits-.  Notes  on  Fruits  in  California.  Recent  Tendencies  in  Or- 
namental Gardening,  and  in  Ornamentals.  Chrysanthemums.  Orchids. 
The  National  Flower  Discussion.  Laws  to  Regulate  Weights  and 
Measures.  Societies. 

II.  RECENT  HORTICULTURAL  LITERATURE  :  Reviews  of  Books  on 
Horticulture  for  1889.  Review  and  Abstracts  of  all  Bulletins  of  Horti- 
cultural Interest  which  have  Appeared  from  the  Congressional  Experi- 
ment Stations.  Lists  of  the  Horticultural  Periodicals  of  the  World. 

Ill    TOOLS  AND  CONVENIENCES  OF  THE  YEAR. 

IV.  ANNALS  OF  PLANTS:     Complete  Lists  of  all  the  Fruits,  Vegeta- 
bles and  Ornamental  Plants  Introduced  in  1889.    A  Complete  List  of  all 
the  Varieties  of  Vegetables  now  Cultivated  in  North  America,  with  Re- 
vision of  the  Names  by  the  Horticultural  Committee  on  Nomenclature. 
Plane  Portraits  in  all  Periodicals  of  the  Year. 

V.  DIRECTORIES:     Officers  of  all  the  National,  State,  Provincial  and 
other  Important  Horticultural  Organizations  of  North  America.    Hor- 
ticulturists of  the  Experiment  Stations.    Botanic  Gardens  of  the  World. 

VI.  OBITUARIES  AND  BIOGRAPHIES  FOR  THE  YEAR. 

VII.  HORTICULTURE  IN  OTHER  LANDS. 


Price,  in  Cloth,  about  250  Pages,   Illustrated,  $1.00. 


GARDEN  PUBLISHING  CO.,  L't'd,  10  Spruce  St.,  New  York. 


The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- BOOK. 


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The  Leading  Farm  Weekly  in  the  World. 

ORIGINALITY,  RESEARCH,  ENTERPRISE. 

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From  JOSEPH  HARRIS,  Moreton  Farm,  N.  Y.: 

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The  RURAL  NEW-YORKER  is  published  for  all  who  own  a  home — for  all 
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tablished an  experiment  farm,  and  the  only  one  working  such  a  farm  in  the 
interest  of  its  readers. 

It  has  no  axes  to  grind.  Its  aim  is  to  present  a  pure,  sound,  dignified, 
yet  aggressive  paper  that  shall  be  thoroughly  independent,  working  only  for 
the  highest  ideal  of  country  life.  Its  readers  are  usually  the  leading  men  of 
the  community.  Its  striking  and  original  features  render  it  the  best  exponent 
of  agricultural  thought  in  the  country.  It  does  not  depend  upon  second- 
hand engravings  or  articles  to  fill  its  pages. 

The  object  of  its  experiment  grounds  has  been  and  is  to  try  all  kinds  of 
seeds  and  plants,  whether  ornamental  or  economical ;  to  produce  new  kinds 
of  grain,  flowers  and  fruits  by  cross-breeding;  to  test  new  farm  implements, 
fertilizers,  methods  of  culture,  with  a  view  to  producing  the  greatest  yields  at 
the  smallest  cost. 

Its  illustrations  commend  themselves  to  its  readers,  being  true  portraits, 
taken  from  nature  for  the  most  part,  and  printed  on  super-calendered  paper. 

Hundreds  of  different  kinds  of  grains,  vegetables,  small  fruits,  etc.,  may 
be  seen  under  test  at  the  Rural  grounds.  The  same  may  be  said  as  to  orna- 
mental trees,  shrubs,  vines,  herbaceous  plants  and  the  like,  hardy  enough  to 
endure  the  climate. 

It  is  published  weekly — 16  pages — on  fine,  heavy  paper,  and  it  may  be 
read  by  any  member  of  the  family  without  fear  that  its  influence  will  be  other 
than  w'holesome  and  pure.  Its  advertising  columns  are  also  guarded  with 
unusual  care. 

The  Price  is  $2  a  year,  or  in  Clubs  of  5  or  over,  $1.50. 

Specimen  copies  will  be  promptly  mailed  to  all  applicants  without  charge. 
It  is  invariably  stopped  at  the  end  of  the  time  subscribed  and  paid  for. 

Address    The  Rural  New-Yorker,  34  Park  Row,  New  York. 


The  Horticulturist  s  Rule- Book. 


The  Oldest  Established  and  Most  Complete  Seed  Establishment  in  America. 
Founded  1784.     Over  1,500  acres  under  cultivation  growing. 

baridretr/s 
©American  »  (§arden  *  §eeds 

Are  grown  from  Seed  Stocks,  carefully  selected  from  Trial  Seed  Beds.  Thus 
the  varieties  ars  perpetuated  free  from  mixtures  or  adulteration. 

§eeds,  Implements  and  {pools, 

and  all  other  requisites  for  Garden  and  Farm.  Catalogues  and  Price  Lists 
mailed  free  on  application.  Catalogues  published  in  seven  different  languag- 
es. Our  new  catalogue  now  ready,  containing  descriptive  lists  of  novel- 
lies  and  standard  sorts,  with  illustrations  of  choice  vegetables  and  flowers, 
with  cultural  instructions.  Sent  free  to  all  applicants.  Address, 

D.  bandretl?  §  §>ons 


, 

NOS.  21  AND  23  SOUTH   SIXTH   ST.,  PHILADELPHIA. 


pord  9 


5eeds>mei? 


,  U.  S.  f\. 


Issue  an  Annual  Catalogue  which  is  sent  free  to  all  who  apply.  It  is  neatly 
arranged,  plain,  readable,  with  few  illustrations  ;  comprehensive  yet  concise, 
(without  bombast  or  exaggeration)  giving  Accurate  Descriptions  and 
Fair  Prices  for  best  stocks  of  all  the  leading  varieties  of  Vegetable, 
Flower  and  Field  Seeds,  Seed  Potatoes,  Fruit  Trees.  Plants  and 
Vines,  etc.,  etc.  We  handle  no  goods  of  doubtful  quality,  the  best  being 
none  too  good. 

Originators  of  Ford's  Early  Sweet  Corn,  the  very  best  early 
variety;  Advance  Tomato,  earliest,  smoothest,  best  quality.  Intro- 
ducers of  Lee's  Favorite  Potato,  the  very  best  early  potato;  the 
new  Crandall  Currant,  remarkable  for  its  wonderful  productiveness, 
large  size  and  fine  quality, 


The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 


THE  SEEDSJURN'S  JHflGNIFYIN&  GLRSSES, 

Farmers  and 
dealers  alike, 
for  their  own 
protection, 
should  be  able 
to  distinguish 
\  the  harmless 
grass-hop  per 
dirts  from 
plantain  seeds; 
pepper-grass 
seeds  from 
white  clover; 
rag- weed  from 

red-top;  cone-flower  (or  yellow  daisy)  from  broken  seems.  The  naked  eye, 
however  good  it  may  be,  needs  assistance  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the 
examination  of  grass  seeds.  This  we  particularly  invite  as  to  our  own 
special  brands.  We  have  the  glasses  here  shown  made  in  large  quantities, 
to  enable  us  to  supply  our  customers  with  some- 
thing serviceable,  at  a  nominal  price. 

COUNTER  GLASS,   with   lens  2#  inches  di- 
ameter, height  4  inches,  postpaid,  50  cents. 

HAND  GLASS,  lense  i>£  inches  "diameter,  post- 
paid, 30  cents. 

The  Whitney-Noyes  Seed  Co., 

BINGHAMTON,  N.  Y. 


New 
Strawberry 


"LADY  RUSK.' 


The  best  berry  for  long  distance  shipments.  Will  not  rot  or  melt 
down  if  packed  dry.  Headquarters  for  all  leading  varieties  of 
Berry  Plants  and  (iRAPK  VINES,  having 300  acres  in  cultiva- 
tion. Catalogue  Free. 


WM.  STAHL,  QUINCY,  ILL. 


ihe  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book- 


BERRY  BOXES  and  BASKETS. 


WELLS   HIGMAN    CO. 

«,   MICHIGAN   BASKET     FACTORY 


ST  JOSEPH,  MICH, 

SEND  FOR  ILLUSTRATED  PRICE  LI 


100  Varieties. 

Small  pruit  Plants, 

gtc..  for 
rjurser\/*men,   Dealers  and  fruit  (3roia?ers. 


Best  Quality,  Lowest  Prices.  Guaranteed  Genuine,  Intro- 
ducer of  the  New  Red  Grape  MO\£R.  Early  as  Champion,  Good 
as  Delaware,  Healthy,  Hardy  and  Reliable.  Can  ship  any  day 
from  October  1st  until  May  20th,  having  over  55,000  cubic  feet 
cellar  storage  room.  You  cannot  afford  to  buy  Vines  and  Plants 
without  giving  me  a  trial.  3  Sample  Vines  mailed  for  15  cts. 
Illustrated  descriptive  price  list  free.  Send  list  of  your  wants 
for  lowest  quotations. 

is   Rpeseb,  f  redonia,   ft.  y 


The  Horticulturist  s  Rule- Book. 


REID'S 
Small    Km  its, 


Trees,    Vines, 
Seeds,  Ornamentals,   Crates 


and.    Baskiets. 


Everything  for  the  Fruit  Grower.  Prices  Low. 
Estimates  Free.  You  save  one  hzlf  by  seeing  our  list. 
New  Fruits  a  Specialty. 


"Trie  Trtath   aboxat  Ne^v  Krtaits,  ' 
IlluLstrated  Catalogue, 
KREE. 


.  W.  REID, 


Bridgeport.    Oriio. 


The  Horticulturist' 's  Rule- Book. 


A  GOOD  GARDEN  FEEDS  BUGS. 

SLUG  SHOT  KILLS  BUGS. 


10  full  Years  Record  proves  that  SLUG  SHOT  is  Reliable, 
and  is  safe  to  Man  or  Beast, 


Kills  the  Potato  Bugs,  Currant  and  Cabbage  Worms, 
Black  Fleas  on  Turnips,  Radishes,  Etc.,  Green 

Flies  on  Roses  and  Other  Flowers, 

Slugs  on   Quinces  and   Pears,  Canker  Worms,  Cut 

Worms  around  Cucumbers,  Melons,  Beans, 

Etc.,  Worms  on  Tomatoes  and  Tobacco. 

Alt  is  a  cheap  powder,  destructive  to  insects  that  prey  upon  vegetation. 
•     Destroys  vermin  and  leaves  plant  unharmed. 

BA  "  Bug"  is  a  small  atom  and  needs  only  a  little  of  the  right  stuff  to 
•    destroj  it.    The  right  thing  is  SLUG  SHOT.    A  heavy  dose  is  like  send- 
ing an  elephant  to  kill  a  house  fly. 

C      Special  articles  like  Hellebore,  Tobacco,  etc.,  are  good  for  some  pur- 
•    poses.    SLUG  SHOT  is  a  general  insecticide,  good  in  all  cases. 

D      Insects  that  fly,  like  Flea  Beetles  and  Rose  Bugs,  are  more  difficult  to 
•    contend  against  than  are  Caterpillars  or  Slugs. — Look  often  and  dust 
when  necessary. 

E      Tender  plants  that  feel  frost  quickly  are  sensitive  to  heavy  applications 
•    of  Insecticides,  so  dust  light. 

Sold  by  the  Seedsmen  of  America.     For  pamphlet  on  reliable  insecticides 
and  fungicides,  address 

B.  HAMMOND,  Fishkill-on-Hudson,  N.  Y. 


The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 


FLORAL  GUIDE. 


The  Pioneer  Seed 
Catalogue  of  Amer- 
ica, containing  com- 
Clete  list  of  Vegeta- 
les,  Flowers,  Bulbs, 
Potatoes  and  Small 
Fruits,  with  descrip- 
tion and  prices.  De- 
partment of  Special- 
ties and  all  Worthy 
Novelties.  Same 
shape  and  style  as 
proved  so  satisfac- 
tory last  year.  Many 
new  and  elegant  il- 
lustrations, hand- 
some colored  plate 
8xio^  inches,  and 
frontispiece.  Spe- 
cial Cash  Prizes  $1,000;  see  Floral  Guide.  Every  person  who  owns  a 
foot  of  land,  or  cultivates  a  plant  should  have  a  copy.  Mailed  on  receipt 
of  10  cents,  which  amount  may  be  deducted  from  first  order.  Abridged 
Catalogue  Free.  Pure  stocks.  Full  Measure.  Prices  Low  for 
Honest  Goods. 

JAMES  VICK,   Seedsman,   Rochester,    N.  Y. 


liiiiiiMniiiNMMiiiMinniiiuiiiiiMiiiniiiiiiiiitMnMiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiii'iiuiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiinMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiii 

BURPEE'S 
FARM  ANNUAL, 

Handsomely  illustrated  with  colored  plates  painted  from  nature 
tells  all  about  the 

BEST    SEEDS, 

Including  rare  novelties  of  sterling  merit,  which  cannot  be  obtained 
elsewhere.  It  is  mailed  free  to  all  who  want  really  first-class 
Warranted  Seeds. 

W.  ATLEE  BURPEE  &  CO., 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 

miiMiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiuiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiniiiiiiim 


The  Horticulturist' s  Rule- Book. 


Detroit  paper  (Nlou^Ity  Qo 


IMPROVED 

Folding  Paper 
Berry  Baskets. 


Folded. 

(Patent  applied  for.)  Set  up  for  use, 


Made  of  strong  Water-proof  Manilla  Tag  Board. 
Will  stand  Rain  or  Soft  Berries.  Can  be  set  up  in  a 
moment.  Neat,  attractive  and  convenient.  So  cheap 
that  it  can  be  given  away  with  the  fruit.  The  only 
berry  package  made  with  handle  and  cover,  a  point  that 
wid  be  appreciated  by  both  retailer  and  consumer. 
Made  with  or  without  perforation.  The  bail  being 
square,  folds  against  the  inside  of  the  basket  and  cannot 
injure  the  fruit  Write  for  circulars,  containing  price 
list,  full  description  and  testimonials.  We  also  manu- 
facture the  "Novelty"  Wooden  Shipping  Crate. 
Strong,  light  and  cheap.  Write  for  particulars. 

Detroit  'Paper  Novelty  Company, 

Detroit,  Mich  igan  . 


Professor  L.  H.  Bailey  uses  and  endorses 
our  Packages. 


The  Horticulturist's  Rule- Book. 


LSEEDSi 

.519  III  IMPLEMENTS  11217 


JOHNSON   &  STOKES, 

SEEDSMEN, 
217     AND  219  MARKET  STREET,   PHILADELPHIA,   PA. 

FARM  SEEDS,  GARDEN  SEEDS,  FLOWER  SEEDS, 

HORTICULTURAL  SUPPLIES,  POULTRY  SUPPLIES.    SEND  FOR 

ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE. 


The  Horticulturist  s  Rule- Book. 


Boltoi?  jtot-U/ater  Jieater 


for  U/armii?<$  I^esidei?ees,  Qreepl^ouses,  Schools, 
Hospitals,  £te.,  £te. 

The  Bolton  is  the  most  economical,  durable  and  efficient.  Its  vertical 
circulation  renders  its  action  prompt  and  rapid.  Its  fire  surface  is  the  largest 
in  proportion  to  grate  surface.  No  bolted,  flanged  or  packed  joints  ;  there- 
fore cannot  leak.  Its  brick  casing  entirely  prevents  loss  of  heat  In  cellar. 
Wrought  iron,  therefore  cannot  crack.  Manufacturers  also  of  the  COM- 
BINATION GAS  MACHINE,  the  best  "Portable  "gas  apparatus;  furnishes 
gas  in  country  at  less  than  city  prices. 

DETROIT  HEATING  &  LIGHTING  COMPANY, 

88  LAKE  ST.,  CHICAGO.    WIGHT  ST.,  DETROIT. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


